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A lymphoblastoid cell line, or LCL, is an immortalized population of cells derived from a specific type of white blood cell called a B lymphocyte…
virusesEpstein-Barr Virus InfectionsB-LymphocytesTissue Culture TechniquesHeLa CellsIn 1949, Douglas Gairdner, a pediatrician in Cambridge, England, published “Fate of the Foreskin: A Study of Circumcision,” hereafter, “Fate of the…
Circumcision, MaleForeskinHPV-31PhimosisForeskin--SurgeryLewis Albert Sayre was an orthopedic surgeon who practiced medicine in New York City, New York, during the second half of the nineteenth century and…
Circumcision, MaleForeskinScoliosisSurgical CastsAmerican Medical AssociationIn 1970, Shulamith Firestone, a self-described radical feminist and writer, published The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution,…
FertilityEctogenesisReproductive technologyFeminism and scienceFeminism in the pressIn 2020, Frans Schutgens and Hans Clevers published “Human Organoids: Tools for Understanding Biology and Treating Diseases,” hereafter “Human…
OrganoidsCell Culture Techniques, Three DimensionalPrimary Cell Cultureinduced pluripotent stem cellsAdult Stem CellsIn the 1990s, John E. Dick and Dominique Bonnet, researchers at the University of Toronto, in Toronto, Ontario, investigated how a blood cancer…
Leukemia, Myeloid, AcuteStem Cell ResearchAcute myeloid leukemiaStem CellsCarcinogenesisSanger sequencing is a laboratory method that scientists use to determine the sequence of nucleotides within a piece of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA…
Sequence Analysis, DNAGenomicsPolymerase chain reactionNucleotide sequenceGeneticsIn 1932, the United States Public Health Service, or USPHS, began the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, initially known as the Tuskegee Study of Untreated…
SyphilisTuskegee Syphilis StudyInformed ConsentBlack or African AmericanSyphilis--Research--United StatesBen Barres researched neurobiology during the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries as a professor at Stanford University School of…
Neurodegenerative DiseasesNeurogliaOligodendrogliaOligodendrocyte Precursor CellsBrainThe Protein Information Resource, or PIR, is an online, publicly available resource that contains databases of protein sequences and computer…
ProteinsComputational BiologyDatabases, ProteinBioinformaticsAmino Acid Sequence