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Inducing Fertilization and Development in Sand Dollars
By: Karen Wellner
| Published: Jun 24, 2010
Sand dollars are common marine invertebrates in the phylum Echinodermata and share the same class (Echinoidea) as sea urchins. They have served as…
Sand DollarsFertilizationInvertebrates
Frog Embryo in the Blastula Stage
By: Chinami Michaels
| Published: Dec 16, 2013
Illustration of the animal-vegetal gradient in Xenopus laevis ( African clawed frog) eggs after fertilization.
BlastulaOrganisms
Hermann Joseph Muller (1890-1967)
By: Kevin Gleason
| Published: May 25, 2017
Hermann Joseph Muller studied the effects of x-ray radiation on genetic material in the US during the twentieth century. At that time, scientists had…
Muller, H. J. (Hermann Joseph), 1890-1967X-raysRadiationGeneticsMutation
Wolbachia
By: Karine Prevot
| Published: Jan 29, 2015
Bacteria of the genus Wolbachia are bacteria that live within the cells of their hosts. They infect a wide range of arthropods (insects, arachnids…
WolbachiaBacteriaHost-bacteria relationshipsHost-parasite relationshipsArthropods
Mitochondria
By: Dorothy R. Haskett
| Published: Jul 05, 2014
All cells that have a nucleus, including plant, animal, fungal cells, and most single-celled protists, also have mitochondria. Mitochondria are…
CellsCell organellesMitochondriaPlant mitochondriaEndosymbiosis
Rock-Menkin Experiments
By: Stephen Ruffenach
| Published: Jan 13, 2009
Dr. John Rock, a doctor of obstetrics and gynecology in Boston, and Miriam Menkin, Rock s hired lab technician, were the first researchers to…
Fertilization in VitroExperimentsReproductionFertilization
Intraspecies Chimeras Produced in Laboratory Settings (1960-1975)
By: Sarah Taddeo
| Published: Nov 25, 2014
When cells-but not DNA-from two or more genetically distinct individuals combine to form a new individual, the result is called a chimera. Though…
ContextChimerismEmbryosEmbryonic Stem CellsMosaicism
Min Chueh Chang (1908-1991)
By: Kimberly A. Buettner
| Published: Nov 08, 2007
As one of the researchers involved in the development of the oral contraceptive pill, Min Chueh Chang helped to revolutionize the birth control…
ContraceptionReproductionBiography
The Y-Chromosome in Animals
By: Dorothy R. Haskett
| Published: May 28, 2015
The Y-chromosome is one of a pair of chromosomes that determine the genetic sex of individuals in mammals, some insects, and some plants. In the…
Y ChromosomeSex ChromosomesEmbryosDNAChromosomes
Hermann Joseph Muller's Study of X-rays as a Mutagen, (1926-1927)
By: Kevin M. Gleason
| Published: Mar 07, 2017
Hermann Joseph Muller conducted three experiments in 1926 and 1927 that demonstrated that exposure to x-rays, a form of high-energy radiation, can…
X-raysRadiationGeneticsMutationDrosophila