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When James Thomson of the University of Wisconsin announced in 1998 that he had derived and cultured human embryonic stem cells(hESCs), Americans…
Stem CellsethicsPurkinje cells, also called Purkinje neurons, are neurons in vertebrate animals located in the cerebellar cortex of the brain. Purkinje cell bodies…
Purkinje CellsCerebellar CortexcerebellumBrain StemThe discovery of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) provided a pioneering step in stem cell research. HSCs are a type of multipotent adult stem cell,…
Hematopoietic Stem CellsStem CellsmedicineCancerIn the second half of the twentieth century, scientists learned how to clone organisms in some species of mammals. Scientists have applied somatic…
CloningCell nuclei--TransplantationSpemann, Hans, 1869-1941Genetic EngineeringIn the 1990s, Ian Wilmut, Jim McWhir, and Keith Campbell performed experiments while working at the Roslin Institute in Roslin, Scotland. Wilmut,…
CloningMolecular CloningClone CellsCampbell, Keith, 1954-2012Roslin InstituteIn the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, Gail Roberta Martin specialized in biochemistry and embryology, more specifically cellular…
EmbryosEmbryos--PhysiologyEmbryos--AnatomyBlastocystRetrovirus InfectionsTo educate its citizens about research into chimeras made from human and non-human animal cells, the United Kingdom's Human Fertilisation Embryology…
LiteratureChimerismHuman reproductive technologyHuman CloningFertilization in vitro, HumanIn 2009, Shoukhrat Mitalipov, Masahito Tachibana, and their team of researchers developed the technology of mitochondrial gene replacement therapy to…
TechnologymonkeysGurdon, J. B. (John Bertrand)Briggs, Robert, -1983King, Thomas J. (Thomas Joseph), 1921-2000The California Stem Cell Research and Cures Act, also called Proposition 71, was a ballot initiative proposed by California voters in 2004 to…
LawStem cells--Research--Religious aspects--ChristianityStem cells--Research--Moral and ethical aspectsEmbryonic stem cells--Research--Law and legislationEmbryo ResearchEmbryonic differentiation is the process of development during which embryonic cells specialize and diverse tissue structures arise. Animals are made…
differentiation