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From 1963 to 1982, researchers in New York City, New York, carried out a randomized trial of mammography screening. Mammography is the use of X-ray…
ExperimentsHIPMammographyBreastcarcinomaSince the 1950s, scientists have developed interspecies blastocysts in laboratory settings, but not until the 1990s did proposals emerge to engineer…
BlastocystDiseasesbioethicsTadpoleCell nuclei--TransplantationWilliam Smellie helped to incorporate scientific medicine into the process of childbirth in eighteenth century Britain. As a male physician…
MidwivesObstetrical ForcepsChildbirthObstetricsLabor (Obstetrics)In an experiment later named for them, Matthew Stanley Meselson and Franklin William Stahl in the US demonstrated during the 1950s the semi-…
DNA ReplicationMeselson, MatthewStahl, Franklin W.DNA--SynthesisDNAIn the 1930s, George Beadle and Boris Ephrussi discovered factors that affect eye colors in developing fruit flies.
Fruit-fliesImaginal DisksGeneticsdevelopmentMetamorphosis, BiologicalIn 1935, George Beadle and Boris Ephrussi developed a technique to transplant optic discs between fruit fly larvae.
Fruit-fliesImaginal DisksGeneticsdevelopmentMetamorphosis, BiologicalThe hedgehog signaling pathway is a mechanism that directs the development of embryonic cells in animals, from invertebrates to vertebrates. The…
EmbryologyEmbryosWieschaus, Eric F.Cellular signal transductionDrosophila melanogasterFrancis Sellers Collins helped lead the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium, which helped describe the DNA sequence of the human genome…
Human Genome ProjectNucleotide sequenceSequence Analysis, DNAGenomeIn 1969, Roy J. Britten and Eric H. Davidson published Gene Regulation for Higher Cells: A Theory, in Science. A Theory proposes a minimal model…
LiteratureGenetic regulationCell differentiationEvolutionGenesIn 1928 Ezra Seymour Gosney founded the non-profit Human Betterment Foundation (HBF) in Pasadena, California to support the research and publication…
OrganizationCaliforniaInvoluntary SterilizationSterilization (Birth control)Human reproduction