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Biological Sex and Gender in the United States
By: Risa Aria Schnebly
| Published: Jun 13, 2022
In the United States, most people are assigned both a biological sex and gender at birth based on their chromosomes and reproductive organs.…
GenderGender-nonconforming peopleGender transitionGender expressionGender Nonconformity
“Use of reproductive technology for sex selection for nonmedical reasons” (2015), by the Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine
By: Alysse Blight
| Published: May 27, 2019
In June 2015, the Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, or ASRM, published “Use of reproductive technology for sex…
LiteratureSex PreselectionFertilization in VitroReproductive technologyHuman reproductive technology
“Anatomy of the Clitoris” (2005) by Helen E. O’Connell, Kalavampara V. Sanjeevan, and John M. Hutson
By: Baylee A. Edwards
| Published: Nov 13, 2023
In 2005, Helen O’Connell and colleagues published “Anatomy of the Clitoris,” a review article, in The Journal of Urology. The article was one of the…
Female orgasmGenital Organs, FemaleGenitalia, Female
“Reproductive Injustice: Racial and Gender Discrimination in U.S. Healthcare” (2014), by the Center for Reproductive Rights, the National Latina Institute for Reproductive Health, and SisterSong Women of Color Reproductive Justice Collective
By: Richa Venkatraman
| Published: Feb 10, 2021
In 2014, the Center for Reproductive Rights, SisterSong Women of Color Reproductive Justice Collective, and the National Latina Institute for…
LiteratureRacismRacism in social servicesRacism in public administrationRacism in medicine
Sex Determination in Humans
By: Risa Aria Schnebly
| Published: Jul 16, 2021
In humans, sex determination is the process that determines the biological sex of an offspring and, as a result, the sexual characteristics that they…
Sex DeterminationGenetic sex determinationIntersex peopleDiscrimination against intersex peopleStevens, N. M. (Nettie Maria), 1861-1912
Christine Jorgensen (1926–1989)
By: Lauren Hilton
| Published: Jun 26, 2024
Christine Jorgensen was a transgender woman and activist in the United States who lived during the twentieth century. She was one of the first US…
Transgender PersonsTransexualsTranssexualismGender IdentityGender
“A Syndrome of Infantilism, Congenital Webbed Neck, and Cubitus Valgus” (1938), by Henry Hubert Turner
By: Megha Pillai
| Published: Jul 02, 2024
In 1938, physician Henry Hubert Turner published “A Syndrome of Infantilism, Congenital Webbed Neck, and Cubitus Valgus,” hereafter “A Syndrome of…
Turner SyndromeNoonan SyndromeFemale Pseudo-Turner SyndromeInfantilism, GenitalGonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
Gender-affirming Mastectomy
By: Riley McInnis
| Published: Nov 10, 2022
Gender-affirming mastectomy is a type of surgery that removes breast tissue, tightens the skin, and can adjust nipple placement to provide the…
TechnologyTransgender menTransgender youthTransgender ChildrenTransphobia
Your Baby’s Sex: Now You Can Choose (1970), by David M. Rorvik and Landrum B. Shettles
By: Alysse Blight
| Published: Oct 31, 2019
In the book Your Baby’s Sex: Now You Can Choose, David Michael Rorvik and Landrum Brewer Shettles describe methods that couples can use prior to and…
LiteratureSex PreselectionSex PredeterminationFamily PlanningGender
“A Comparison of the Menstruation and Education Experiences of Girls in Tanzania, Ghana, Cambodia, and Ethiopia” (2014), by Marni Sommer, T. Mokoah Nana Ackatia-Armah, Susan Connolly, and Dana Smiles
By: Emily Santora
| Published: Apr 13, 2021
In their 2014 article “A Comparison of the Menstruation and Education Experiences of Girls in Tanzania, Ghana, Cambodia, and Ethiopia,” hereafter “…
LiteratureMenstruationMenstrual CycleFeminine Hygiene ProductsMenstrual cycle--Psychological aspects