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In humans, sex determination is the process that determines the biological sex of an offspring and, as a result, the sexual characteristics that they…
Sex DeterminationGenetic sex determinationIntersex peopleDiscrimination against intersex peopleStevens, N. M. (Nettie Maria), 1861-1912George McDonald Church studied DNA from living and from extinct species in the US during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Church helped to…
DNA SequenceNucleotide sequenceGenesGenomesGeneticsMichael R. Harrison worked as a pediatric surgeon in the US throughout the late-twentieth century and performed many fetal surgeries, including one…
Birth DefectsAbnormalities, HumanPediatric surgeonsMyelomeningoceleSpinal DysraphismIn 2018, He Jiankui uploaded a series of videos to a YouTube channel titled “The He Lab” that detailed one of the first instances of a successful…
Literaturegene editingGenome EditingCRISPR (Genetics)CRISPR-associated protein 9Stanley Paul Leibo studied the cryopreservation of embryos in the US in the twentieth century. Cryopreservation is a method of preserving biological…
Low temperature engineeringCryonicsScience and civilizationEmbryo transplantationCryotherapyIn 1972, David Whittingham, Stanley Leibo, and Peter Mazur published the paper, “Survival of Mouse Embryos Frozen to -196 ° and -269 °C,” hereafter…
LiteratureCultures (Biology)--CryopreservationCells--CryopreservationMolecular weightsCryobiologyMultiplex Automated Genome Engineering, or MAGE, is a genome editing technique that enables scientists to quickly edit an organism’s DNA to produce…
TechnologyGenetic EngineeringGenetic engineering industryGenetic epidemiologyGene librariesIn 2015, Revive & Restore launched the Woolly Mammoth Revival Project with a goal of engineering a creature with genes from the woolly mammoth…
conservationAnimal diversity conservationWildlife conservationgene editingbioethicsIn the United States, most people are assigned both a biological sex and gender at birth based on their chromosomes and reproductive organs.…
GenderGender-nonconforming peopleGender transitionGender expressionGender NonconformityJohn Langdon Down studied medicine in England in the nineteenth century and was one of the first people to develop a complete description of the…
Down syndromeDevelopmental DisabilitiesPartial Trisomy 21 Down SyndromeTrisomyPartial Trisomy