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In humans, sex determination is the process that determines the biological sex of an offspring and, as a result, the sexual characteristics that they…
Sex DeterminationGenetic sex determinationIntersex peopleDiscrimination against intersex peopleStevens, N. M. (Nettie Maria), 1861-1912Michael R. Harrison worked as a pediatric surgeon in the US throughout the late-twentieth century and performed many fetal surgeries, including one…
Birth DefectsAbnormalities, HumanPediatric surgeonsMyelomeningoceleSpinal DysraphismGeorge McDonald Church studied DNA from living and from extinct species in the US during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Church helped to…
DNA SequenceNucleotide sequenceGenesGenomesGeneticsStanley Paul Leibo studied the cryopreservation of embryos in the US in the twentieth century. Cryopreservation is a method of preserving biological…
Low temperature engineeringCryonicsScience and civilizationEmbryo transplantationCryotherapyIn 1972, David Whittingham, Stanley Leibo, and Peter Mazur published the paper, “Survival of Mouse Embryos Frozen to -196 ° and -269 °C,” hereafter…
LiteratureCultures (Biology)--CryopreservationCells--CryopreservationMolecular weightsCryobiologyIn 2018, He Jiankui uploaded a series of videos to a YouTube channel titled “The He Lab” that detailed one of the first instances of a successful…
Literaturegene editingGenome EditingCRISPR (Genetics)CRISPR-associated protein 9Multiplex Automated Genome Engineering, or MAGE, is a genome editing technique that enables scientists to quickly edit an organism’s DNA to produce…
TechnologyGenetic EngineeringGenetic engineering industryGenetic epidemiologyGene librariesIn 2015, Revive & Restore launched the Woolly Mammoth Revival Project with a goal of engineering a creature with genes from the woolly mammoth…
conservationAnimal diversity conservationWildlife conservationgene editingbioethicsPeter Mazur was a researcher in the US who developed new ways of preserving biological material by freezing it, a process called cryopreservation. If…
Religion and science--HistoryMolecular weightsCryobiologyFreezingFrozen liquidsJohn Langdon Down studied medicine in England in the nineteenth century and was one of the first people to develop a complete description of the…
Down syndromeDevelopmental DisabilitiesPartial Trisomy 21 Down SyndromeTrisomyPartial Trisomy