As a researcher in biochemistry, Frederick Sanger studied the structure of proteins, RNA, and DNA during the mid-twentieth century in Cambridge, England. He was the first person to determine the amino acid sequence of a protein, the hormone insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels. Later, he developed an efficient method for sequencing the nucleotide bases in DNA, an organism’s hereditary material. Named Sanger sequencing in his honor, the method was a staple of molecular biology techniques for over forty years. It formed the backbone of methods used for the Human Genome Project, the international effort to sequence the DNA in a human genome, and foreshadowed the development of more modern DNA sequencing techniques. Sanger is one of only a handful of individuals to receive two Nobel Prizes. Through his work elucidating the structure of biological molecules and devising methods to sequence them, Sanger fundamentally shaped the course of biology in the twentieth century.