In December of 2016, Margus Punab and colleagues published “Causes of Male Infertility: A 9-year Prospective Monocentre Study on 1737 Patients with Reduced Total Sperm Counts,” hereafter “Male Infertility,” in the journal Human Reproduction. The study examines the main causes of severe male factor infertility, or SMF infertility, which occurs when a male’s semen has a very low number of healthy sperm cells or contains atypically low levels of sperm cells. In “Male Infertility,” the authors determine the primary cause of SMF infertility in forty percent of their participants, and among those participants, they found that the primary causes of SMF infertility were varicoceles, or enlarged veins within the loose bag of skin holding the testicles. The authors did not determine the cause of SMF infertility in the remaining sixty percent of the cases, noting a gap in the current understanding of the causes of SMF infertility. “Male Infertility” was one of the first large-scale studies to reveal certain underlying causes of SMF infertility, and its conclusions have allowed researchers to investigate fertility solutions for male patients who would otherwise not be able to reproduce.