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Robert Geoffrey Edwards (1925-2013)
By: Samuel Philbrick
| Published: Jun 20, 2011
Robert Geoffrey Edwards worked with Patrick Christopher Steptoe to develop in-vitro fertilization (IVF) techniques during the 1960s and 1970s in the…
PeopleFertilization in VitroReproductionBiographyFertilization
Meiosis in Humans
By: Inbar Maayan
| Published: Mar 24, 2011
Meiosis, the process by which sexually-reproducing organisms generate gametes (sex cells), is an essential precondition for the normal formation of…
MeiosisReproductionHuman Development
"Alternative Sources of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells" (2005), by Leon Kass and the President’s Council on Bioethics
By: Samuel Philbrick
| Published: Feb 22, 2011
Human pluripotent stem cells are valued for their potential to form numerous specialized cells and for their longevity. In the US, where a portion of…
LiteratureKass, LeonStem CellsPublicationsethics
Sheldon Clark Reed (1910-2003)
By: Cassidy Possehl
| Published: Jun 10, 2017
Sheldon Clark Reed helped establish the profession of genetic counseling in the US during the twentieth century. In 1947 Reed coined the term genetic…
Genetic CounselingCystic FibrosisDrosophilaGeneticsHmong Americans
Paul Kammerer's Experiments on Sea-squirts in the Early Twentieth Century
By: Federica Turriziani Colonna
| Published: Apr 13, 2015
In the early twentieth century, Paul Kammerer, a zoologist working at the Vivarium in Vienna, Austria, experimented on sea-squirts (Ciona…
Sea SquirtsCiona intestinalisKammerer, Paul, 1880-1926Laboratory animals--Breeding--ExperimentsAdaptation
Andrew Francis Dixon (1868-1936)
By: S. Alexandra Aston
| Published: Apr 01, 2014
Andrew Francis Dixon studied human anatomy and egg cells at the turn of the twentieth century in Ireland and Great Britain. Dixon studied the sensory…
Nerves, CranialPolar BodiesMeiosis
"On the Permanent Life of Tissues outside of the Organism" (1912), by Alexis Carrel
By: Lijing Jiang
| Published: May 06, 2012
'On the Permanent Life of Tissues outside of the Organism' reports Alexis Carrel's 1912 experiments on the maintenance of tissue in culture media. At…
Tissue cultureStem CellsStem cells--ResearchEmbryologyGerm Cells
Abortion
By: Christina Raup
| Published: Jun 10, 2010
Abortion is the removal of the embryo or fetus from the womb, before birth can occur-either naturally or by induced labor. Prenatal development…
AbortionethicsReproductionReproductive RightsFetus
Pope Sixtus V (1520-1590)
By: Katherine Brind'Amour
| Published: Nov 11, 2007
Known for dropping a long-held distinction in the Catholic Church between the animated and unanimated fetus, Felice Peretti was born in Grottamare,…
PeoplereligionReproductionCatholicismPopes
Metoidioplasty
By: Riley McInnis
| Published: May 30, 2024
Metoidioplasty is a type of gender-affirming surgery that creates a small-sized neophallus, or new penis, from an enlarged clitoris. Gender-…
Gender DysphoriaGender-Affirming CareGender-Affirming SurgeryPhalloplastyClitoris