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Telomeres are structures at the ends of DNA strands that get longer in the DNA of sperm cells as males age. That phenomenon is different for most…
TelomereAgingSpermSpermatozoaTelomeraseLysogenic bacteria, or virus-infected bacteria, were the primary experimental models used by scientists working in the laboratories of the Pasteur…
ContextInstitut Pasteur (Paris, France)BacteriaEscherichia coliMonod, JacquesOswald Theodore Avery studied strains of pneumococcus of the genus Streptococcus in the US in the first half of the twentieth century. This bacterium…
Bacterial TransformationDNAHeredityPathologyImmunologyWhen cells-but not DNA-from two or more genetically distinct individuals combine to form a new individual, the result is called a chimera. Though…
ContextChimerismEmbryosEmbryonic Stem CellsMosaicismY-chromosomes exist in the body cells of many kinds of male animals.
Y ChromosomeX chromosomeSex ChromosomesChromosomesSex ChromatinMax Ludwig Henning Delbrick applied his knowledge of theoretical physics to biological systems such as bacterial viruses called bacteriophages, or…
Meselson, MatthewUniversity of RochesterDNA ReplicationBacteriophagesEscherichia coliDiana W. Bianchi studied the medical treatment of premature and newborn infants in the US during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Bianchi…
Prenatal DiagnosisGeneticsGertrude Belle Elion was a twentieth-century scientist in the US who researched the structure of viral DNA to help develop anti-viral medications.…
AcyclovirHerpesvirus 1, HumanHerpesvirus 2, HumanDNA, ViralHIV (Viruses)Estrogen plays a key role in the regulation of gene transcription. This is accomplished by its ability to act as a ligand and to bind to specific…
DiethylstilbestrolEstrogenHuman DevelopmentMitochondrial diseases in humans result when the small organelles called mitochondria, which exist in all human cells, fail to function normally. The…
Mitochondrial pathologyMitochondriaCell organellesCell nuclei--TransplantationReproductive technology