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From 1993 to 1995 researchers led by Robert J. Berry from the US Centers for Disease Control headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, and Zhu Li from…
Center for Disease ControlFolic AcidFolic Acid DeficiencyFolic acid in human nutritionNeural tube--AbnormalitiesIn 1996, a team of researchers associated with the International Continence Society published “The Standardization of Terminology of Female Pelvic…
LiteraturePelvic PainPelvic FloorPelvisPelvic ExaminationIn 2001, the Supreme Court of New Jersey decided a dispute between a divorced couple over cryopreserved preembryos created through in vitro…
LawFrozen human embryosFertilization in VitroPregnancyEmbryosGerm-free, or GF, animals are laboratory animals that completely lack microbes, making them useful tools for microbiome research. Researchers create…
Germ-Free LifeMicrobiome, HumanGut MicrobiomeBrain-Gut AxisGermfree animalsThe United States Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, published 'General Considerations for the Clinical Evaluation of Drugs,' in September 1977.…
LiteratureUnited States. Food and Drug AdministrationClinical TrialsDrugsPharmaceuticalsIn the mid-1960s, psychologist John Money encouraged the gender reassignment of David Reimer, who was born a biological male but suffered irreparable…
Sex changeGender IdentitypsychologyGenderSexual and Gender DisordersThe Pfeffer Zelle (Pfeffer Cell Apparatus), invented by Wilhelm Pfeffer in 1877, measured the minimum pressure needed to prevent a pure solvent from…
TechnologyPlant cell membranesPlants--DevelopmentOsmosisMembranes (Technology)Self-proclaimed female physician Ann Trow was a women’s reproductive health specialist as well as an abortion provider in New York City, New York…
AbortionAbortion servicesPro-choice movementTrials (Abortion)Abortion--Law and legislation--United StatesDuring the twentieth century, Austin Bradford Hill researched diseases and their causes in England and developed the Bradford Hill criteria, which…
EpidemiologyCervical CancerDiseasesCarcinoma, Squamous CellenvironmentIn 1894, William Stewart Halsted published The Results of Operations for the Cure of Cancer of the Breast Performed at the Johns Hopkins Hospital…
LiteratureJohns Hopkins HospitalBreast--CancerMastectomyMammectomy