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Metoidioplasty is a type of gender-affirming surgery that creates a small-sized neophallus, or new penis, from an enlarged clitoris. Gender-…
Gender DysphoriaGender-Affirming CareGender-Affirming SurgeryPhalloplastyClitorisMatthew Meselson, Franklin Stahl, and Jerome Vinograd, developed cesium chloride, or CsCl, density gradient centrifugation in the 1950s at the…
TechnologyDNA ReplicationDNA replication--RegulationCentrifugation, Density GradientOrganonitrogen compoundsAfter becoming chief pathologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Wisconsin Regional Primate Center in 1995, James A. Thomson began his…
Stem CellsExperimentsPublicationsHuman DevelopmentAfter becoming chief pathologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Wisconsin Regional Primate Center in 1995, James A. Thomson began his…
Stem CellsExperimentsPublicationsHuman DevelopmentGerm-free, or GF, animals are laboratory animals that completely lack microbes, making them useful tools for microbiome research. Researchers create…
Germ-Free LifeMicrobiome, HumanGut MicrobiomeBrain-Gut AxisGermfree animalsRh incompatibility occurs when a pregnant woman whose blood type is Rh-negative is exposed to Rh-positive blood from her fetus, leading to the mother…
ReproductionFetusHuman DevelopmentIn 1956, Gunther Stent, a scientist at the University of California Berkeley in Berkeley, California, coined the terms conservative, semi-…
DNADNA ReplicationDNA HelicasesGenesHeredityPaul M. Brakefield and his research team in Leiden, the Netherlands, examined the development, plasticity, and evolution of butterfly eyespot…
ButterfliesDevelopmental BiologyPhenotypic plasticityGenotype-environment interactionEvolutionary developmental biologyNuclear transplantation is a method in which the nucleus of a donor cell is relocated to a target cell that has had its nucleus removed (enucleated…
Cell nuclei--TransplantationNuclear TransplantationEdward Drinker Cope studied fossils and anatomy in the US in the late nineteenth century. Based on his observations of skeletal morphology, Cope…
PeopleBiographyAnatomyEvolution