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In 1881 British opthalmologist Warren Tay made an unusual observation. He reported a cherry-red spot on the retina of a one-year-old patient, a…
Tay-Sachs DiseaseCongenital DisordersHeredityIn 1914 Albert Niemann, a German pediatrician who primarily studied infant metabolism, published a description of an Ashkenazi Jewish infant with…
Niemann-Pick DiseasesHuman DevelopmentCongenital DisordersBy questioning methods of sex selection since their early development, and often discovering that they are unreliable, scientists have increased the…
Sex PreselectionSex SelectionEthics, MedicalMedical EthicsethicsNational Geographic's documentary In the Womb: Identical Twins focuses on the prenatal development of human identical twins. Director Lorne Townend…
LiteratureTwinsDocumentary filmsTestosteroneMethylationLeonard Hayflick in the US during the early 1960s showed that normal populations of embryonic cells divide a finite number of times. He published his…
Cell DivisionBiology, ExperimentalCells, CulturedEmbryo Culture Techniquescell agingIn an experiment later named for them, Matthew Stanley Meselson and Franklin William Stahl in the US demonstrated during the 1950s the semi-…
DNA ReplicationMeselson, MatthewStahl, Franklin W.DNA--SynthesisDNAIntroduced by Conrad Hal Waddington in 1942, the concept of epigenetics gave scientists a new paradigm of thought concerning embryonic development,…
EpigenomicsEpigeneticsAndrew Francis Dixon studied human anatomy and egg cells at the turn of the twentieth century in Ireland and Great Britain. Dixon studied the sensory…
Nerves, CranialPolar BodiesMeiosisFranklin William Stahl studied DNA replication, bacteriophages, and genetic recombination in the US during the mid-twentieth and early twenty-first…
DNA SequenceNucleotide sequenceDNA ReplicationDNA--SynthesisDNA replication--RegulationThe endothelium is the layer of cells lining the blood vessels in animals. It weighs more than one kilogram in adult humans, and it covers a surface…
EndotheliumTissuesEpitheliumCellsVascular endothelium