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Carol Downer (1933– )
By: Rainey Horwitz
| Published: Apr 09, 2019
Carol Downer was a reproductive health and abortion rights activist in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries in the US and other countries. During…
AbortionWomen's rights--United States--History--20th centuryCannulaWomen's health services--United StatesAmerican Public Health Association
Hamlin Fistula Ethiopia (1974- )
By: Patsy Ciardullo
| Published: Apr 13, 2015
Hamlin Fistula Ethiopia is a nonprofit organization that began in 1974 as a joint endeavor by Reginald and Catherine Hamlin and the Addis Ababa…
OrganizationHamlin, CatherineAddis Ababa Fistula HospitalVesicovaginal FistulaFistula
August Karl Gustav Bier (1861–1949)
By: Nicole Erjavic
| Published: Nov 15, 2017
In the late nineteenth century, August Karl Gustav Bier was a surgeon in Germany who studied spinal cord anesthesia, later called spinal block. Bier…
Spinal anesthesiaHyperemiaSpine--PunctureLumbar PunctureAnesthesia, Regional
Albert William Liley (1929–1983)
By: Kathleen O'Connor
| Published: May 11, 2011
Albert William Liley advanced the science of fetal physiology and the techniques of life-saving in utero blood transfusions for fetuses with Rh…
ReproductionBiographyFetus
The Guthrie Test for Early Diagnosis of Phenylketonuria
By: Meilin Zhu
| Published: Mar 30, 2017
The Guthrie test, also called the PKU test, is a diagnostic tool to test infants for phenylketonuria a few days after birth. To administer the…
TechnologyGuthrie, Robert, 1916-1995PhenylketonuriaMental RetardationAmino acids--Metabolism--Disorders
Josef Warkany (1902–1992)
By: Chanapa Tantibanchachai, Bianca Zietal
| Published: May 26, 2017
Josef Warkany studied the environmental causes of birth defects in the United States in the twentieth century. Warkany was one of the first…
Abnormalities, HumanVitamin ARetinoidsHypervitaminosiscalomel
Stanley Alan Plotkin (1932– )
By: Christian H. Ross
| Published: Apr 13, 2017
Stanley Alan Plotkin developed vaccines in the United States during the mid to late twentieth century. Plotkin began his research career at the…
VaccinesViral vaccinesRubellaRubella--VaccinationRubella virus
Studies of Thalidomide's Effects on Rodent Embryos from 1962-2008
By: Joanna Yang, Chanapa Tantibanchachai
| Published: Mar 07, 2014
Thalidomide is a sedative drug introduced to European markets on 1 October 1957 after extensive testing on rodent embryos to ensure its safety. Early…
ContextTeratogenicity testingAbnormalities, HumanThalidomide--Side effectsThalidomide
“Effects of Maternal Age, Parity, and Smoking on the Risk of Stillbirth” (1994), by Elizabeth Raymond, Sven Cnattingius, and John Kiely
By: Ajeet Bains
| Published: Jun 18, 2021
In April 1994, Elizabeth Raymond, Sven Cnattingius, and John Kiely published “Effects of Maternal Age, Parity, and Smoking on the Risk of Stillbirth…
LiteratureFetal deathStillbirthPregnancyGestational Age
Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
By: Federica Turriziani Colonna
| Published: Dec 22, 2014
The Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (Anton Dohrn Zoological Station) is a public research institute focusing on biology and biodiversity. Hereafter…
OrganizationStazione zoologica di NapoliDevelopmental BiologyZoologyEmbryology