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Bacteria of the genus Wolbachia are bacteria that live within the cells of their hosts. They infect a wide range of arthropods (insects, arachnids…
WolbachiaBacteriaHost-bacteria relationshipsHost-parasite relationshipsArthropodsMichael R. Harrison worked as a pediatric surgeon in the US throughout the late-twentieth century and performed many fetal surgeries, including one…
Birth DefectsAbnormalities, HumanPediatric surgeonsMyelomeningoceleSpinal DysraphismTurtle morphology is unlike that of any other vertebrate. The uniqueness of the turtle's bodyplan is attributed to the manner in which the turtle's…
TurtlesEvolutionMorphologyThe term morphogenesis generally refers to the processes by which order is created in the developing organism. This order is achieved as…
MorphogenesisdifferentiationPurkinje cells, also called Purkinje neurons, are neurons in vertebrate animals located in the cerebellar cortex of the brain. Purkinje cell bodies…
Purkinje CellsCerebellar CortexcerebellumBrain StemWalter Jakob Gehring discovered the homeobox, a DNA segment found in a specific cluster of genes that determine the body plan of animals, plants, and…
Homeobox genesDrosophilaGeneticsGenesGenes, HomeoboxJacques Loeb is best known for his embryological work investigating parthenogenesis in invertebrates. Artificial Parthenogenesis and Fertilization is…
LiteratureParthenogenesisPublicationsFertilizationThe Law of Acceleration of Growth is a theory proposed by Edward Drinker Cope in the US during the nineteenth century. Cope developed it in an…
developmentEvolutionCope, E. D. (Edward Drinker), 1840-1897Growth and DevelopmentSand dollars are common marine invertebrates in the phylum Echinodermata and share the same class (Echinoidea) as sea urchins. They have served as…
Sand DollarsFertilizationInvertebratesThalidomide is a sedative drug introduced to European markets on 1 October 1957 after extensive testing on rodent embryos to ensure its safety. Early…
ContextTeratogenicity testingAbnormalities, HumanThalidomide--Side effectsThalidomide