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Between 1958 and 1962, physicians Olive W. Smith, George V. Smith, and Robert W. Kistner performed experiments that demonstrated the effects of the…
EthamoxytriphetolEstrogen AntagonistsClomiphenePituitary glandovaryThe extraembryonic membranes that surround and originate from the embryos of vertebrates such as birds, reptiles, and mammals are crucial to their…
AmniocentesisReproductionFetusIan Donald was an obstetrician who developed the technology and therapy of ultrasound diagnostics during the twentieth century in Europe. Ultrasound…
ObstetricsGynecologyRespiratory therapy for newborn infantsFetal MedicineRespiratory Distress SyndromePrenatal exposure to alcohol (ethanol) results in a continuum of physical, neurological, behavioral, and learning defects collectively grouped under…
fetal alcohol syndromeReproductionHuman DevelopmentThe process of gastrulation allows for the formation of the germ layers in metazoan embryos, and is generally achieved through a series of complex…
Haeckel, Ernst, 1834-1919GastrulationAmphibiansFrogsIn United States v. Georgia, the United States Supreme Court held, in a unanimous decision, that the rights protected under the Americans with…
LawDiscrimination against people with disabilitiesDiscrimination against people with disabilities--Law and legislationGovernment liabilityCivil rightsCarol Downer was a reproductive health and abortion rights activist in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries in the US and other countries. During…
AbortionWomen's rights--United States--History--20th centuryCannulaWomen's health services--United StatesAmerican Public Health AssociationHamlin Fistula Ethiopia is a nonprofit organization that began in 1974 as a joint endeavor by Reginald and Catherine Hamlin and the Addis Ababa…
OrganizationHamlin, CatherineAddis Ababa Fistula HospitalVesicovaginal FistulaFistulaIn the late nineteenth century, August Karl Gustav Bier was a surgeon in Germany who studied spinal cord anesthesia, later called spinal block. Bier…
Spinal anesthesiaHyperemiaSpine--PunctureLumbar PunctureAnesthesia, RegionalAlbert William Liley advanced the science of fetal physiology and the techniques of life-saving in utero blood transfusions for fetuses with Rh…
ReproductionBiographyFetus