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In humans, sex determination is the process that determines the biological sex of an offspring and, as a result, the sexual characteristics that they…
Sex DeterminationGenetic sex determinationIntersex peopleDiscrimination against intersex peopleStevens, N. M. (Nettie Maria), 1861-1912In 2001, researchers Leonie Welberg and Jonathan Seckl published the literature review “Prenatal Stress, Glucocorticoids, and the Programming of the…
LiteratureFetal malnutritionFetal behaviorPrenatal influencesPrenatal CareIn 2001, Kevin M. Godfrey and David J.P. Barker published the article “Fetal Programming and Adult Health” in Public Health Nutrition, where they…
LiteraturePregnancy--ComplicationsFetal heart--AbnormalitiesMaternal-Fetal ExchangeMetabolism in pregnancyFetal programming, or prenatal programming, is a concept that suggests certain events occurring during critical points of pregnancy may cause…
Diabetes in pregnancyMaternal-Fetal ExchangeMetabolism in pregnancyMaternal-Fetal MedicineMothers--NutritionRachel L. Carson studied biology at Johns Hopkins University in Maryland and graduated in 1933 with an MA upon the completion of her thesis, The…
LiteratureDevelopmental BiologyChannel CatfishEmbryosMorphogenesisIn 2004, Amanda J. Drake and Brian R. Walker published “The Intergenerational Effects of Fetal Programming: Non-genomic Mechanisms for the…
LiteratureReproductive HealthGestationFetal MonitoringFetal DistressIn 2017, Laura Geer and colleagues published the results of a study investigating the effects of parabens and antimicrobial compounds on birth…
LiteratureAntiseptics in obstetricsEndocrine disrupting chemicalsLocal Anti-Infective AgentsEmbryonic and Fetal Development