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Spina bifida is a birth defect that affects the spines of developing fetuses and infants, and research in the 20th century indicated that chemicals…
Agent OrangeHerbicidesSpina BifidaNeural tube--AbnormalitiesSpinal cord--AbnormalitiesIn the late 1990s researchers Yuk Ming Dennis Lo and his colleagues isolated fetal DNA extracted from pregnant woman’s blood. The technique enabled…
AmniocentesisChorionic Villus SamplingFetusObstetricsDNAArthur Earl Walker was a medical researcher and physician who studied the brain and neurosurgery in the United States during the twentieth century.…
NeurologyBrain--Ventricles--SurgeryJohns Hopkins HospitalJohns Hopkins Hospital. Department of MedicineDandy-Walker SyndromeHydrocephalus is a congenital or acquired disorder characterized by the abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cavities of the brain…
HydrocephalusDandy, Walter Edward, 1886-1946Arnold-Chiari DeformityBrain--DiseasesInfants--DiseasesSprayed extensively by the US military in Vietnam, Agent Orange contained a dioxin contaminant later found to be toxic to humans. Despite reports by…
Agent OrangeHerbicidesSpina BifidaNeural tube--AbnormalitiesSpinal cord--AbnormalitiesHermann Joseph Muller conducted three experiments in 1926 and 1927 that demonstrated that exposure to x-rays, a form of high-energy radiation, can…
X-raysRadiationGeneticsMutationDrosophilaIn 1893, Julia Barlow Platt published her research on the origins of cartilage in the developing head of the common mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus)…
CartilageEmbryosGastrulationEmbryologyNecturusEdward Charles Dodds researched the function and effects of natural and artificial hormones on the endocrine system in England during the twentieth…
Dodds, E. C. (Edward Charles), 1899-EndocrinologyEstrogenDiethylstilbestrolDiethylstilbestrol--CarcinogenicityThe Golgi staining technique, also called the black reaction after the stain's color, was developed in the 1870s and 1880s in Italy to make brain…
TechnologyGolgi, Camillo, 1843-1926Stains and staining (Microscopy)NeuronsMicroscope slidesWalter Edward Dandy studied abnormalities in the developing human brain in the United States in the twentieth century. He collaborated with…
HydrocephalusBrain--Ventricles--RadiographyVentriculography, CerebralDandy-Walker SyndromeDandy-Walker Malformation