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In humans, sex determination is the process that determines the biological sex of an offspring and, as a result, the sexual characteristics that they…
Sex DeterminationGenetic sex determinationIntersex peopleDiscrimination against intersex peopleStevens, N. M. (Nettie Maria), 1861-1912In 2017, Laura Geer and colleagues published the results of a study investigating the effects of parabens and antimicrobial compounds on birth…
LiteratureAntiseptics in obstetricsEndocrine disrupting chemicalsLocal Anti-Infective AgentsEmbryonic and Fetal DevelopmentIn 2001, Kevin M. Godfrey and David J.P. Barker published the article “Fetal Programming and Adult Health” in Public Health Nutrition, where they…
LiteraturePregnancy--ComplicationsFetal heart--AbnormalitiesMaternal-Fetal ExchangeMetabolism in pregnancyIn 2004, Amanda J. Drake and Brian R. Walker published “The Intergenerational Effects of Fetal Programming: Non-genomic Mechanisms for the…
LiteratureReproductive HealthGestationFetal MonitoringFetal DistressFetal programming, or prenatal programming, is a concept that suggests certain events occurring during critical points of pregnancy may cause…
Diabetes in pregnancyMaternal-Fetal ExchangeMetabolism in pregnancyMaternal-Fetal MedicineMothers--NutritionIn 2001, researchers Leonie Welberg and Jonathan Seckl published the literature review “Prenatal Stress, Glucocorticoids, and the Programming of the…
LiteratureFetal malnutritionFetal behaviorPrenatal influencesPrenatal CareIn the case Whitner v. South Carolina in 1997, the South Carolina State Supreme Court defined the concept of a child to include viable fetuses. This…
LawEmbryosReproductive RightsPregnancyAbortion