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In 'Altruism and the Origin of the Worker Caste,' Bert Hölldobler and Edward Osborne Wilson explore the evolutionary origins of worker ants. '…
LiteratureAntsInsect societiesKin selection (Evolution)EvolutionAt the turn of the twentieth century, William Bateson studied organismal variation and heredity of traits within the framework of evolutionary theory…
GeneticsHeredityMendel, Gregor, 1822-1884EvolutionEmbryologyIn 1969, Roy J. Britten and Eric H. Davidson published Gene Regulation for Higher Cells: A Theory, in Science. A Theory proposes a minimal model…
LiteratureGenetic regulationCell differentiationEvolutionGenesIn his essay Evolution and Tinkering, published in Science in 1977, Francois Jacob argued that a common analogy between the process of evolution by…
LiteratureInstitut Pasteur (Paris, France)OperonsGenetic regulationNobel PrizesTwo main elements characterize the skeletal morphology of turtles: the carapace and the plastron. For a turtle, the carapacial ridge begins in the…
TurtlesMorphology (Animals)EmbryosGerm CellsEmbryologyTurtle morphology is unlike that of any other vertebrate. The uniqueness of the turtle's bodyplan is attributed to the manner in which the turtle's…
TurtlesEvolutionMorphologyWilhelm Johannsen in Denmark first proposed the distinction between genotype and phenotype in the study of heredity in 1909. This distinction is…
Johannsen, W. (Wilhelm), 1857-1927Genotype-environment interactionPhenotypeHeredityGeneticsThe sex of a reptile embryo partly results from the production of sex hormones during development, and one process to produce those hormones depends…
Sex DifferentiationReproductionAdaptationfetal developmentEmbryologyAllan C. Wilson studied genes, proteins, and body structures of animals and humans in the US during the second half of the twentieth century. Wilson…
Human EvolutionEvolutionChimpanzeesMitochondriaElectrophoresisVictor Jollos studied fruit flies and microorganisms in Europe and the US, and he introduced the concept of Dauermodifikationen in the early 1900s.…
ParameciumDrosophilaHeredityProtistaprotozoology