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Telomerase is an enzyme that regulates the lengths of telomeres in the cells of many organisms, and in humans it begins to function int the early…
TelomeraseTelomereDNAMolecular BiologySomatic embryogenesisA variety of developmental defects occur as a result of prenatal exposure to alcohol (ethanol) in utero. In humans, those defects are collectively…
fetal alcohol syndromeReproductionHuman DevelopmentTeratogens are substances that may produce physical or functional defects in the human embryo or fetus after the pregnant woman is exposed to the…
Abnormalities, HumanFetusPregnancyTeratogenicity testingEmbryosIn 2006, the United States branch of Merck & Co. received FDA approval for Gardasil, a human papillomavirus, or HPV, vaccine that protects…
OrganizationCervix uteri--CancerPapillomavirusesVaccine mandatesMeasles vaccineThe hedgehog signaling pathway is a mechanism that directs the development of embryonic cells in animals, from invertebrates to vertebrates. The…
EmbryologyEmbryosWieschaus, Eric F.Cellular signal transductionDrosophila melanogasterIn the 1990s, Ian Wilmut, Jim McWhir, and Keith Campbell performed experiments while working at the Roslin Institute in Roslin, Scotland. Wilmut,…
CloningMolecular CloningClone CellsCampbell, Keith, 1954-2012Roslin InstituteTo study human evolution, researchers sometimes use microstructures found in human teeth and their knowledge of the processes by which those…
EvolutionteethDental EnamelFossilsHuman EvolutionSince the 1950s, scientists have developed interspecies blastocysts in laboratory settings, but not until the 1990s did proposals emerge to engineer…
BlastocystDiseasesbioethicsTadpoleCell nuclei--TransplantationNeurocristopathies are a class of pathologies in vertebrates, including humans, that result from abnormal expression, migration, differentiation, or…
CellsVertebratesdevelopmentCleft PalateAlbinismIn 2004, Amanda J. Drake and Brian R. Walker published “The Intergenerational Effects of Fetal Programming: Non-genomic Mechanisms for the…
LiteratureReproductive HealthGestationFetal MonitoringFetal Distress