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Ian Hector Frazer studied the human immune system and vaccines in Brisbane, Australia, and helped invent and patent the scientific process and…
PeopleHIV infectionsHIV-positive personsHIV (Viruses)Vaccines industryIn 1973, Ronald Ericsson developed the Ericsson method, which is a technique used to separate human male sperm cells by their genetic material.…
TechnologySex ChromosomesGonosomesSpermSpermatozoaIn the early twentieth century US, Jean Paul Pratt and Edgar Allen conducted clinical experiments on women who had abnormal menstrual cycles. During…
EstrogenEndocrinologyDoisy, Edward Adelbert, 1893-1986MenstruationUterusKarl Landsteiner studied blood types in Europe and in the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Landsteiner won the…
Rh factorRhesus MonkeyBlood GroupsBlood CellsBlood TransfusionsVirginia Apgar worked as an obstetrical anesthesiologist, administering drugs that reduce women’s pain during childbirth, in the US in the mid-…
Apgar, Virginia, 1909-1974Apgar ScorePregnancyObstetricsChildbirthLeonard Hayflick studied the processes by which cells age during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries in the United States. In 1961 at the Wistar…
PeopleCellsCell populationsCell DeathApoptosisEnvironment and Birth Defects by James Graves Wilson in the US was published in 1973. The book summarized information on the causes of malformations…
LiteratureBirth DefectsAbnormalities, HumanTeratogensTeratologyEctoderm is one of three germ layers--groups of cells that coalesce early during the embryonic life of all animals except maybe sponges, and from…
EmbryosEmbryologyGastrulationCellsTissuesAmong other functions, the Notch signaling pathway forestalls the process of myogenesis in animals. The Notch signaling pathway is a pathway in…
MyogenesisNotch genesNotch ProteinsMusclesMyoblastsPeter Mazur was a researcher in the US who developed new ways of preserving biological material by freezing it, a process called cryopreservation. If…
Religion and science--HistoryMolecular weightsCryobiologyFreezingFrozen liquids