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Francois Jacob studied in bacteria and bacteriophages at the Institut Pasteur in Paris, France, in the second half of the twentieth century. In…
BacteriaOperonsLac OperonGenetic regulationEscherichia coli--GeneticsIn humans, sex determination is the process that determines the biological sex of an offspring and, as a result, the sexual characteristics that they…
Sex DeterminationGenetic sex determinationIntersex peopleDiscrimination against intersex peopleStevens, N. M. (Nettie Maria), 1861-1912George Nicholas Papanicolaou developed the Pap test in the United States during the twentieth century. The Pap test is a diagnostic procedure used to…
Pap TestExfoliative cytologyCervical CancerMenstrual CycleUterine CancerTheodora Colborn studied how chemicals affect organisms as they develop and reproduce during the twentieth and twenty first centuries in the US. By…
endocrine disruptorsEndocrine disrupting chemicalsPollutantsEndocrine toxicologyEndocrine SystemIn 2011, fetal researcher Vivette Glover published “Annual Research Review: Prenatal Stress and the Origins of Psychopathology: An Evolutionary…
LiteratureStress in adolescenceStress in youthPsychological StressPregnancyIn 1947, Carl Richard Moore, a researcher at the University of Chicago, in Chicago, Illinois, wrote Embryonic Sex Differentiation and Sex Hormones,…
LiteratureEndocrinologyHormones, SexGonadal Steroid HormonesFreemartinismAndrogen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) is a human disorder in which an individual's genetic sex (genotype) differs from that individual's observable…
AndrogensAndrogens--PathophysiologyIntersexualityIntersex peopleAndrogen-Insensitivity SyndromeIn 1949, Douglas Gairdner, a pediatrician in Cambridge, England, published “Fate of the Foreskin: A Study of Circumcision,” hereafter, “Fate of the…
Circumcision, MaleForeskinHPV-31PhimosisForeskin--SurgeryA vasectomy is a surgery that works to inhibit reproduction by interrupting the passage of sperm through the vas deferens, a tube in the male…
VasectomyVasovasostomyVasectomy ReversalEugenicsSterilization, ReproductiveLysogenic bacteria, or virus-infected bacteria, were the primary experimental models used by scientists working in the laboratories of the Pasteur…
ContextInstitut Pasteur (Paris, France)BacteriaEscherichia coliMonod, Jacques