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In 2015, Junjiu Huang and his colleagues reported their attempt to enable CRISPR/cas 9-mediated gene editing in nonviable human zygotes for the first…
LiteratureDoudna, Jennifer A.Charpentier, Emmanuelle, 1968-Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic RepeatsCRISPR-Cas SystemsThe San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research (SDZICR) in San Diego, California, is a research organization that works to generate, use, and…
OrganizationpreservationGeneticsEndangered SpeciesDNATelomerase is an enzyme that regulates the lengths of telomeres in the cells of many organisms, and in humans it begins to function int the early…
TelomeraseTelomereDNAMolecular BiologySomatic embryogenesisTelomeres are sequences of DNA on the ends of chromosomes that protect chromosomes from sticking to each other or tangling, which could cause…
TelomeraseGreider, Carol W.Wistar Institute of Anatomy and BiologyAgingDNASince the 1950s, scientists have developed interspecies blastocysts in laboratory settings, but not until the 1990s did proposals emerge to engineer…
BlastocystDiseasesbioethicsTadpoleCell nuclei--TransplantationIn 2006, Kazutoshi Takahashi and Shinya Yamanaka reprogrammed mice fibroblast cells, which can produce only other fibroblast cells, to become…
Stem cells--ResearchStem CellsNobel PrizesEmbryologyDevelopmental BiologyThe Y-chromosome is one of a pair of chromosomes that determine the genetic sex of individuals in mammals, some insects, and some plants. In the…
Y ChromosomeSex ChromosomesEmbryosDNAChromosomesIn 1944, Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty published an article in which they concluded that genes, or molecules that dictate how…
LiteratureTransformation, BacterialBacterial TransformationStreptococcus pneumoniaeBacterial geneticsThe Sex-determining Region Y (Sry in mammals but SRY in humans) is a gene found on Y chromosomes that leads to the development of male phenotypes,…
Y ChromosomeTestisEmbryosChromosomesSex ChromosomesIn 1959, Charles Edmund Ford and colleagues published “A Sex Chromosome Anomaly in a Case of Gonadal Dysgenesis (Turner’s Syndrome),” hereafter “A…
Turner SyndromeGonadal DysgenesisGonadal Dysgenesis, XOGonadal Dysgenesis, 45, XAbnormalities, Sex Chromosome