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By 2011, researchers in the US had established that non-invasive blood tests can accurately determine the gender of a human fetus as early as seven…
ContextDiagnostic sex determinationSex PreselectionFetusSex Determination AnalysisOn 1 February 1998, David T. Helm, Sara Miranda, and Naomi Angoff Chedd published “Prenatal Diagnosis of Down Syndrome: Mothers’ Reflections on…
Down syndromeCongenital AbnormalitiesGenetic disorders in pregnancygenetic testingAmniocentesisIn 2011, fetal researcher Vivette Glover published “Annual Research Review: Prenatal Stress and the Origins of Psychopathology: An Evolutionary…
LiteratureStress in adolescenceStress in youthPsychological StressPregnancyIn 2007, Dennis Lo and his colleagues used digital polymerase chain reaction or PCR to detect trisomy 21 in maternal blood, validating the method as…
Polymerase chain reactionNucleic Acid Amplification TechniquesDown syndromeDNAAneuploidyDennis Lo, also called Yuk Ming Dennis Lo, is a professor at the Chinese University of Hong Kong in Hong Kong, China. In 1997, Lo discovered fetal…
genetic testingHuman chromosome abnormalities--DiagnosisPrenatal DiagnosisAmniocentesisChorionic Villus SamplingDiana W. Bianchi studied the medical treatment of premature and newborn infants in the US during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Bianchi…
Prenatal DiagnosisGeneticsPrenatal exposure to alcohol (ethanol) results in a continuum of physical, neurological, behavioral, and learning defects collectively grouped under…
fetal alcohol syndromeReproductionHuman DevelopmentThe US Supreme Court case Ferguson v. City of Charleston (2001) established that public hospitals couldn't legally drug test pregnant women without…
LawReproductive RightsPregnancyEmbryosDrug testingPrenatal Care is an educational booklet written by Mary Mills West of the US Children’s Bureau and published by the US Government Printing Office in…
LiteraturePrenatal CareUnited States. Children's BureauPrenatal care--Law and legislationPrenatal care--UtilizationIn 1996, the US Congress mandated that the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) create and regulate the Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program.…
Endocrine disrupting chemicalsEndocrine toxicologyDevelopmental endocrinologyEndocrine SystemHormones