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In the 1990s, Ian Wilmut, Jim McWhir, and Keith Campbell performed experiments while working at the Roslin Institute in Roslin, Scotland. Wilmut,…
CloningMolecular CloningClone CellsCampbell, Keith, 1954-2012Roslin InstituteMax Ludwig Henning Delbrick applied his knowledge of theoretical physics to biological systems such as bacterial viruses called bacteriophages, or…
Meselson, MatthewUniversity of RochesterDNA ReplicationBacteriophagesEscherichia coliThe case of Smith v. Cote (1986) answered two important questions concerning law and childbirth: does the State of New Hampshire recognize a cause of…
LawCongenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and AbnormalitiesCongenital DisordersAbortionIn 1999, the Inter-agency Working Group on Reproductive Health in Crises, hereafter the IAWG, wrote the Minimum Initial Services Package, hereafter…
LiteratureRefugee campsChildbirthBirthHIVX-linked severe combined immunodeficiency, or X-SCID, is a chromosomal disorder in which the immune system lacks multiple protective cells that…
X-Linked Combined Immunodeficiency DiseasesX-Linked SCIDSevere Combined ImmunodeficiencyBone Marrow--TransplantationAutoimmune DiseasesJosef Warkany studied the environmental causes of birth defects in the United States in the twentieth century. Warkany was one of the first…
Abnormalities, HumanVitamin ARetinoidsHypervitaminosiscalomelKarl Landsteiner studied blood types in Europe and in the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Landsteiner won the…
Rh factorRhesus MonkeyBlood GroupsBlood CellsBlood TransfusionsMatthew Meselson, Franklin Stahl, and Jerome Vinograd, developed cesium chloride, or CsCl, density gradient centrifugation in the 1950s at the…
TechnologyDNA ReplicationDNA replication--RegulationCentrifugation, Density GradientOrganonitrogen compoundsShoukhrat Mitalipov, Masahito Tachibana, and their team of researchers replaced the mitochondrial genes of primate embryonic stem cells via spindle…
monkeysrhesus macaqueSendai virusEmbryonic Stem CellsMitochondrial DiseasesGerm-free, or GF, animals are laboratory animals that completely lack microbes, making them useful tools for microbiome research. Researchers create…
Germ-Free LifeMicrobiome, HumanGut MicrobiomeBrain-Gut AxisGermfree animals