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William Thomas Astbury studied the structures of fibrous materials, including fabrics, proteins, and deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, in England during…
DNAX-Ray CrystallographyX-ray crystallography--TechniqueNucleic AcidsDNA-protein interactionsPhalloplasty is a type of surgery that takes existing skin, tissue, and nerves from surrounding areas on a patient’s body to repair or form a…
TechnologyPhalloplastyGender Reassignment SurgeryGender transitionSurgery, PlasticThe copper intrauterine device, or IUD, is a long-term, reversible contraceptive first introduced by Howard Tatum and Jamie Zipper in 1967. Health…
ContraceptivesCopper intrauterine contraceptivesDalkon Shield (Intrauterine contraceptive)Levonorgestrel intrauterine contraceptivesNorgestrelDevelopmental Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Wildlife and Humans, was published in 1993 in Environmental Health Perspectives. In the…
LiteratureEndocrine disrupting chemicalsEmbryologyfetal developmentendocrine disruptorsOswald Theodore Avery studied strains of pneumococcus of the genus Streptococcus in the US in the first half of the twentieth century. This bacterium…
Bacterial TransformationDNAHeredityPathologyImmunologyIn 1931 embryologist and historian Joseph Needham published a well-received three-volume treatise titled Chemical Embryology. The first four chapters…
LiteratureNeedham, Joseph, 1900-1995PublicationshistoryThalidomide, a drug capable of causing fetal abnormalities (teratogen), has caused greater than ten thousand birth defects worldwide since its…
ContextThalidomideThalidomide--Side effectsTeratogenicity testingMultiple MyelomaTwentieth-century researcher Ernest John Christopher Polge studied the reproductive processes of livestock and determined a method to successfully…
Smith, Audrey U.Parkes, A. S. (Alan Sterling), 1900-1990National Institute for Medical Research (Great Britain)Medical Research Council (Great Britain)GlycerinMetoidioplasty is a type of gender-affirming surgery that creates a small-sized neophallus, or new penis, from an enlarged clitoris. Gender-…
Gender DysphoriaGender-Affirming CareGender-Affirming SurgeryPhalloplastyClitorisHoratio Robinson Storer was a surgeon and anti-abortion activist in the 1800s who worked in the field of women’s reproductive health and led the…
PeopleAbortionAbortion servicesPro-life movementPro-life movement--United States