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Spina bifida is a birth defect that affects the spines of developing fetuses and infants, and research in the 20th century indicated that chemicals…
Agent OrangeHerbicidesSpina BifidaNeural tube--AbnormalitiesSpinal cord--AbnormalitiesHormone replacement therapy, or HRT, is a form of medication often used to treat the symptoms of menopause. According to the National Institute on…
MenopauseEstrogen Replacement TherapyEstrogen Progestin Combination TherapyMenopause--Hormone TherapyMenopause--Hormone Therapy--ComplicationsIn 1990, Thomas J. Bouchard and his colleagues published the paper “Sources of Human Psychological Differences: The Minnesota Study of Twins Reared…
LiteratureNature and nurtureGeneticsHeredityTwin StudyWilhelm Johannsen in Denmark first proposed the distinction between genotype and phenotype in the study of heredity in 1909. This distinction is…
Johannsen, W. (Wilhelm), 1857-1927Genotype-environment interactionPhenotypeHeredityGeneticsIn 1964, authors James Till, Ernest McCulloch, and Louis Siminovitch, published A Stochastic Model of Stem Cell Proliferation, Based on The Growth of…
Stem CellsPluripotent Stem CellsAdult Stem CellsEmbryonic Stem CellsHematopoietic Stem CellsAccording to the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), the standard American source on stem cell research, three characteristics of stem cells…
Stem CellsIn 1996, the US Congress mandated that the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) create and regulate the Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program.…
Endocrine disrupting chemicalsEndocrine toxicologyDevelopmental endocrinologyEndocrine SystemHormonesAmong his myriad scientific and artistic contributions, Leonardo da Vinci's work in embryology was groundbreaking. He observed and diagramed the…
LiteratureLeonardo, da Vinci, 1452-1519Human DevelopmentPublicationsFetusGeorge Wells Beadle studied corn, fruit flies, and funguses in the US during the twentieth century. These studies helped Beadle earn the 1958 Nobel…
Beadle, George Wells, 1903-1989GeneticsAlan Mathison Turing was a British mathematician and computer scientist who lived in the early twentieth century. Among important contributions in…
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