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In September 1979, China's Fifth National People's Congress passed a policy that encouraged one-child families. Following this decision from the…
ContextethicsReproductionFertilityGovernmentIn 1916, eugenicist Madison Grant published the book The Passing of the Great Race; or The Racial Basis of European History, hereafter The Passing of…
LiteratureEugenicsNuremberg War Crime Trials, Nuremberg, Germany, 1946-1949Involuntary sterilization--Law and legislationInterracial marriage--United StatesIn 2017, Julie Carré, Nicolas Gatimel, Jessika Moreau, Jean Parinaud, and Roger Léandri published “Does Air Pollution Play a Role in Infertility?: a…
LiteratureFertility, HumanReproductionFertilization (Biology)Fertilization in VitroIn March 2006, scientists from Ghana and the UK Karen Edmond, Charles Zandoh, Maria Quigley, Seeba Amenga-Etego, Seth Oqusi-Agyei, and Betty Kirkwood…
LiteratureBreastfeedingBreastfeeding promotionBreast FeedingBreastfeeding--Immunological aspectsChāng (Chang) and Ēn (Eng) Bunker were conjoined twins in the nineteenth century in the United States, the first pair of conjoined twins whose…
Conjoined twinsSiamese TwinsTwinsIdentical twinsTwins, SiameseLeon Chesley studied hypertension, or high blood pressure, in pregnant women during the mid-twentieth century. Chesley studied preeclampsia and…
PreeclampsiaEclampsiaHypertensionObstetricsPregnancyVirginia Apgar and colleagues wrote “Evaluation of the Newborn Infant—Second Report” in 1958. This article explained that Apgar’s system for…
LiteratureApgar ScoreObstetricsChildbirthAnesthesiologyIn “Testing the Kin Selection Theory: Who Controls the Investments?” Bert Hölldobler and Edward Osborne Wilson discussed the predictive power of kin…
LiteratureAntsAnimal behaviorReproductionNatural selectionIn 1916 Edwin B. Cragin in the United States published Conservatism in Obstetrics in which he discussed medical practices and techniques to preserve…
LiteratureObstetricsMaternal-Fetal MedicineChildbirthLabor (Obstetrics)The Mother's Health Clinic opened in Phoenix, Arizona, in 1937 and provided women in central Arizona with contraception and family planning resources…
OrganizationSanger, Margaret, 1879-1966ContraceptionArizonaDiaphragms, Vaginal