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Johann Friedrich Meckel studied abnormal animal and human anatomy in nineteenth century Germany in an attempt to explain embryological development.…
PeopleAnatomy, ComparativeEmbryologyBirth Defectsfetal developmentVirginia Apgar worked as an obstetrical anesthesiologist, administering drugs that reduce women’s pain during childbirth, in the US in the mid-…
Apgar, Virginia, 1909-1974Apgar ScorePregnancyObstetricsChildbirthJosef Warkany studied the environmental causes of birth defects in the United States in the twentieth century. Warkany was one of the first…
Abnormalities, HumanVitamin ARetinoidsHypervitaminosiscalomelSprayed extensively by the US military in Vietnam, Agent Orange contained a dioxin contaminant later found to be toxic to humans. Despite reports by…
Agent OrangeHerbicidesSpina BifidaNeural tube--AbnormalitiesSpinal cord--AbnormalitiesSpina bifida is a birth defect that affects the spines of developing fetuses and infants, and research in the 20th century indicated that chemicals…
Agent OrangeHerbicidesSpina BifidaNeural tube--AbnormalitiesSpinal cord--Abnormalities