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In 1959, Charles Edmund Ford and colleagues published “A Sex Chromosome Anomaly in a Case of Gonadal Dysgenesis (Turner’s Syndrome),” hereafter “A…
Turner SyndromeGonadal DysgenesisGonadal Dysgenesis, XOGonadal Dysgenesis, 45, XAbnormalities, Sex ChromosomeIn 2007, Dennis Lo and his colleagues used digital polymerase chain reaction or PCR to detect trisomy 21 in maternal blood, validating the method as…
Polymerase chain reactionNucleic Acid Amplification TechniquesDown syndromeDNAAneuploidyThe Y-chromosome is one of a pair of chromosomes that determine the genetic sex of individuals in mammals, some insects, and some plants. In the…
Y ChromosomeSex ChromosomesEmbryosDNAChromosomesThe Sex-determining Region Y (Sry in mammals but SRY in humans) is a gene found on Y chromosomes that leads to the development of male phenotypes,…
Y ChromosomeTestisEmbryosChromosomesSex ChromosomesCarol Widney Greider studied telomeres and telomerase in the US at the turn of the twenty-first century. She worked primarily at the University of…
Greider, Carol W.Women Nobel Prize winnersNobel Prize winnersTelomeraseTelomereTelomeres are sequences of DNA on the ends of chromosomes that protect chromosomes from sticking to each other or tangling, which could cause…
TelomeraseGreider, Carol W.Wistar Institute of Anatomy and BiologyAgingDNATelomerase is an enzyme that regulates the lengths of telomeres in the cells of many organisms, and in humans it begins to function int the early…
TelomeraseTelomereDNAMolecular BiologySomatic embryogenesisExperiments conducted by Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol Greider, and Jack Szostak from 1982 to 1989 provided theories of how the ends of chromosomes,…
TelomereGreider, Carol W.Chromosome replicationTelomeraseDNAIn the late 1990s researchers Yuk Ming Dennis Lo and his colleagues isolated fetal DNA extracted from pregnant woman’s blood. The technique enabled…
AmniocentesisChorionic Villus SamplingFetusObstetricsDNAIn 2001, Yale University Press published Frederic Lawrence Holmes' book, Meselson, Stahl, and the Replication of DNA: A History of "The Most…
LiteratureWatson, James D., 1928-Crick, Francis, 1916-2004Marine Biological Laboratory (Woods Hole, Mass.)DNA Replication