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From 1958 to 1961, Leonard Hayflick and Paul Moorhead in the US developed a way in the laboratory to cultivate strains of human cells with complete…
MMR VaccineRubellaRubella--VaccinationFetal tissuesOncogenic VirusesKurt Benirschke studied cells, placentas, and endangered species in Germany and the US during the twentieth century. Benirschke was professor at the…
Developmental BiologyGeneticsEndangered SpeciesGene librariesEmbryologyBetween 1953 and 1957, before the Meselson-Stahl experiment verified semi-conservative replication of DNA, scientists debated how DNA replicated. In…
ChromosomesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyCold Spring Harbor LaboratoryDNA ReplicationRosalind Elsie Franklin worked with X-ray crystallography at King's College London, UK, and she helped determine the helical structure of DNA in the…
PeopleDNAX-Ray CrystallographyMolecular geneticsMolecular BiologyShoukhrat Mitalipov, Masahito Tachibana, and their team of researchers replaced the mitochondrial genes of primate embryonic stem cells via spindle…
monkeysrhesus macaqueSendai virusEmbryonic Stem CellsMitochondrial DiseasesJulia Bell worked in twentieth-century Britain, discovered Fragile X Syndrome, and helped find heritable elements of other developmental and genetic…
Genetic Disordersfetal developmentRubella in pregnancyRubella virusHeredityThe Hayflick Limit is a concept that helps to explain the mechanisms behind cellular aging. The concept states that a normal human cell can only…
CellsCell populationsCell DeathApoptosisCell ProliferationCarol Widney Greider studied telomeres and telomerase in the US at the turn of the twenty-first century. She worked primarily at the University of…
Greider, Carol W.Women Nobel Prize winnersNobel Prize winnersTelomeraseTelomereFrancis Harry Compton Crick, who co-discovered the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in 1953 in Cambridge, England, also developed The Central…
DNAChromosomesNucleotide sequenceNucleic AcidsMolecular Biology