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By 2011, researchers in the US had established that non-invasive blood tests can accurately determine the gender of a human fetus as early as seven…
ContextDiagnostic sex determinationSex PreselectionFetusSex Determination AnalysisLynn Petra Alexander Sagan Margulis was an American biologist, whose work in the mid-twentieth century focused on cells living together in a mutually…
Eukaryotic cellsMitosissymbiosisMitochondriaMicroorganisms--EvolutionGeorge Wells Beadle studied corn, fruit flies, and funguses in the US during the twentieth century. These studies helped Beadle earn the 1958 Nobel…
Beadle, George Wells, 1903-1989GeneticsFrank Rattray Lillie's research on freemartins from 1914 to 1920 in the US led to the theory that hormones partly caused for sex differentiation in…
Lillie, Frank Rattray, 1870-1947Intersexuality in animalsFreemartinismHormonesExperimentsEstablished in tandem with Singapore's national Biomedical Sciences Initiatives, the Bioethics Advisory Committee (BAC) was established by the…
OrganizationsSingaporeStem Cellsin vitroethicsIn the early 1960s, John W. Saunders Jr., Mary T. Gasseling, and Lilyan C. Saunders in the US investigated how cells die in the developing limbs of…
Cell DeathChickens--EmbryosApoptosisExperimentsThalidomide is a sedative drug introduced to European markets on 1 October 1957 after extensive testing on rodent embryos to ensure its safety. Early…
ContextTeratogenicity testingAbnormalities, HumanThalidomide--Side effectsThalidomideVitamin A (retinol) is an essential vitamin in the daily functioning of human beings that helps regulate cellular differentiation of epithelial…
RetinoidsVitamin A in the bodyTeratogenicity testingAbnormalities, HumanTeratogenic agentsCarl Richard Moore was a professor and researcher at the University of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois who studied sex hormones in animals from 1916…
Moore, Carl R. (Carl Richard), 1892-1955Intersexuality in animalsIntersex peopleHormones, SexSex DifferentiationThe US President's Council on Bioethics was an organization headquartered in Washington D.C. that was chartered to advise then US President George W…
OrganizationbioethicsAdvisory boardsStem CellsEmbryonic Stem Cells