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In June 2015, the Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, or ASRM, published “Use of reproductive technology for sex…
LiteratureSex PreselectionFertilization in VitroReproductive technologyHuman reproductive technologyThe extraembryonic membranes that surround and originate from the embryos of vertebrates such as birds, reptiles, and mammals are crucial to their…
AmniocentesisReproductionFetusAmong other functions, the Notch signaling pathway forestalls the process of myogenesis in animals. The Notch signaling pathway is a pathway in…
MyogenesisNotch genesNotch ProteinsMusclesMyoblastsOn 1 February 1998, David T. Helm, Sara Miranda, and Naomi Angoff Chedd published “Prenatal Diagnosis of Down Syndrome: Mothers’ Reflections on…
Down syndromeCongenital AbnormalitiesGenetic disorders in pregnancygenetic testingAmniocentesisIn the second half of the twentieth century, scientists learned how to clone organisms in some species of mammals. Scientists have applied somatic…
CloningCell nuclei--TransplantationSpemann, Hans, 1869-1941Genetic EngineeringIn 2004, a team of researchers at Tufts-New England Medical Center in Boston, Massachusetts, investigated the fetal cells that remained in the…
CellsStem CellsMaternal-Fetal ExchangeFetal cells from maternal bloodFetusIn the late 1990s researchers Yuk Ming Dennis Lo and his colleagues isolated fetal DNA extracted from pregnant woman’s blood. The technique enabled…
AmniocentesisChorionic Villus SamplingFetusObstetricsDNAAnencephaly is an open neural tube defect, meaning that part of the neural tube does not properly close or that it has reopened during early…
fetal developmentFetus--AbnormalitiesBirth DefectsEmbryologyPregnancyFrancis Sellers Collins helped lead the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium, which helped describe the DNA sequence of the human genome…
Human Genome ProjectNucleotide sequenceSequence Analysis, DNAGenomeEdmund Beecher Wilson experimented with Amphioxus (Branchiostoma) embryos in 1892 to identify what caused their cells to differentiate into new types…
Wilson, Edmund B. (Edmund Beecher), 1856-1939AmphioxusEmbryosEmbryologyDevelopmental Biology