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The Notch signaling pathway is a mechanism in animals by which adjacent cells communicate with each other, conveying spatial information and genetic…
EmbryologyDevelopmental BiologyEmbryosCell differentiationNotch genesEdwin Stephen Goodrich studied the structures of animals in England during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Goodrich studied how animals…
ZoologyHomology (Biology)InvertebratesEvolutionInduced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) are cells derived from non-pluripotent cells, such as adult somatic cells, that are genetically manipulated so…
LiteratureStem CellsRegenerationIn 2011, fetal researcher Vivette Glover published “Annual Research Review: Prenatal Stress and the Origins of Psychopathology: An Evolutionary…
LiteratureStress in adolescenceStress in youthPsychological StressPregnancyHermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex, by historian of science Alice Domurat Dreger, was published in 1998 by Harvard University Press. In…
LiteratureIntersex peopleGonads--DiseasesDisorders of Sex DevelopmentSexHomeobox genes are a cluster of regulatory genes that are spatially and temporally expressed during early embryological development. They are…
Homeobox genesGenes, HomeoboxGeneticsThe New York Appellate Court ruled on 11 December 1977 in favor of Steven and Hetty Park and against Herbert Chessin for the wrongful life of the…
LawWrongful lifeReproductionCongenital DisordersbioethicsIn the 2008 court case In the Matter of the Marriage of Dahl and Angle, the Court of Appeals of Oregon upheld a written in vitro fertilization (IVF)…
LawFrozen human embryosFertilization in VitroEmbryo DispositionEmbryoIn 2001, researchers Leonie Welberg and Jonathan Seckl published the literature review “Prenatal Stress, Glucocorticoids, and the Programming of the…
LiteratureFetal malnutritionFetal behaviorPrenatal influencesPrenatal CareBacteria of the genus Wolbachia are bacteria that live within the cells of their hosts. They infect a wide range of arthropods (insects, arachnids…
WolbachiaBacteriaHost-bacteria relationshipsHost-parasite relationshipsArthropods