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Biological Sex and Gender in the United States
By: Risa Aria Schnebly
| Published: Jun 13, 2022
In the United States, most people are assigned both a biological sex and gender at birth based on their chromosomes and reproductive organs.…
GenderGender-nonconforming peopleGender transitionGender expressionGender Nonconformity
Thesis: Reviving the Dead, Ignoring the Living: Emotions, Ethics, and the Dream of De-Extinction
By: Risa Aria Schnebly
| Published: Nov 30, 2021
The goal of this research project was to examine how different messaging techniques, and especially expressions of emotionality surrounding the loss…
Extinction (Biology)Genetic EngineeringCommunication in scienceReproductive Healthconservation
John Langdon Down (1828–1896)
By: Risa Aria Schnebly, Grace Fitzgerald
| Published: Aug 12, 2021
John Langdon Down studied medicine in England in the nineteenth century and was one of the first people to develop a complete description of the…
Down syndromeDevelopmental DisabilitiesPartial Trisomy 21 Down SyndromeTrisomyPartial Trisomy
Michael R. Harrison (1943– )
By: Risa Aria Schnebly, Brianna Ellis
| Published: Aug 04, 2021
Michael R. Harrison worked as a pediatric surgeon in the US throughout the late-twentieth century and performed many fetal surgeries, including one…
Birth DefectsAbnormalities, HumanPediatric surgeonsMyelomeningoceleSpinal Dysraphism
A Series of YouTube Videos Detailing the “CRISPR Babies” Experiment (2018), by He Jiankui
By: Risa Aria Schnebly, Brianna Ellis
| Published: Jul 31, 2021
In 2018, He Jiankui uploaded a series of videos to a YouTube channel titled “The He Lab” that detailed one of the first instances of a successful…
Literaturegene editingGenome EditingCRISPR (Genetics)CRISPR-associated protein 9
Sex Determination in Humans
By: Risa Aria Schnebly
| Published: Jul 16, 2021
In humans, sex determination is the process that determines the biological sex of an offspring and, as a result, the sexual characteristics that they…
Sex DeterminationGenetic sex determinationIntersex peopleDiscrimination against intersex peopleStevens, N. M. (Nettie Maria), 1861-1912
“A Two-Factor Hypothesis of Freezing Injury: Evidence from Chinese Hamster Tissue-Culture Cells” (1972), by Peter Mazur, Stanley Leibo, and Ernest Chu
By: Risa Aria Schnebly
| Published: Mar 02, 2021
In 1972, Peter Mazur, Stanley Leibo, and Ernest Chu published, “A Two-Factor Hypothesis of Freezing Injury: Evidence from Chinese Hamster Tissue-…
LiteratureCryonicsCryosurgeryMedicine--History--20th centuryOsmosis
Stanley Paul Leibo (1937–2014)
By: Risa Aria Schnebly
| Published: Feb 05, 2021
Stanley Paul Leibo studied the cryopreservation of embryos in the US in the twentieth century. Cryopreservation is a method of preserving biological…
Low temperature engineeringCryonicsScience and civilizationEmbryo transplantationCryotherapy
Revive & Restore’s Woolly Mammoth Revival Project
By: Risa Aria Schnebly
| Published: Jan 19, 2021
In 2015, Revive & Restore launched the Woolly Mammoth Revival Project with a goal of engineering a creature with genes from the woolly mammoth…
conservationAnimal diversity conservationWildlife conservationgene editingbioethics
Revive & Restore (2012– )
By: Risa Aria Schnebly
| Published: Dec 16, 2020
Revive and Restore is a California-based nonprofit that uses genetic engineering to help solve conservation problems, such as saving endangered…
OrganizationExtinction (Biology)MammothsMammuthusWoolly mammoth