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Once perceived as an unimportant occurrence in living organisms, cell degeneration was reconfigured as an important biological phenomenon in…
Cell DeathCells--AgingCaenorhabditis elegansAging, CellCellular AgingIn a series of experiments between 1960 and 1965, Robert Geoffrey Edwards discovered how to make mammalian egg cells, or oocytes, mature outside of a…
Edwards, R. G. (Robert Geoffrey), 1925-2013Fertilization in VitroIn Vitro Oocyte Maturation TechniquesOocytesLuteinizing HormoneIn the early 1960s, John W. Saunders Jr., Mary T. Gasseling, and Lilyan C. Saunders in the US investigated how cells die in the developing limbs of…
Cell DeathChickens--EmbryosApoptosisExperimentsIn an effort to develop tissue culture techniques for long-term tissue cultivation, French surgeon and biologist Alexis Carrel, and his associates,…
Carrel, Alexis, 1873-1944Tissue cultureCellsGerm CellsEmbryosTo Lynn M. Morgan, the Mary E. Woolley Professor of Anthropology at Mt. Holyoke College, nothing says life more than a dead embryo. In her easily…
EssayHuman embryoFetusPublications'On the Permanent Life of Tissues outside of the Organism' reports Alexis Carrel's 1912 experiments on the maintenance of tissue in culture media. At…
Tissue cultureStem CellsStem cells--ResearchEmbryologyGerm CellsZhang Lizhu is a Chinese gynecologist and researcher. For most of her career, she worked in the Peking Medical College Third Hospital, renamed in…
PeopleReproductionBiographyFertilizationThe biomedical accomplishment of human in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) took years to become the successful technique that…
ReproductionExperimentsFertilizationRichard A. Lockshin's 1963 PhD dissertation on cell death in insect metamorphosis was conducted under the supervision of Harvard insect physiologist…
LiteratureExperimentsPublicationsSilkwormsHormonesOn 10 March 1988, China's first baby conceived through human in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer (ET), commonly referred to as a test-…
ReproductionExperimentsFertility