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The concept Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) refers to a set of birth defects that occur in children born to mothers who abused alcohol during pregnancy…
fetal alcohol syndromeAbnormalities, HumanCentral Nervous SystemalcoholPregnancyThe sex of a reptile embryo partly results from the production of sex hormones during development, and one process to produce those hormones depends…
Sex DifferentiationReproductionAdaptationfetal developmentEmbryologyIn the late 1980s, Peter Goodfellow in London, UK led a team of researchers who showed that the SRY gene in humans codes a protein that causes testes…
TestisY ChromosomeEmbryosChromosomesSex ChromosomesVitamin A (retinol) is an essential vitamin in the daily functioning of human beings that helps regulate cellular differentiation of epithelial…
RetinoidsVitamin A in the bodyTeratogenicity testingAbnormalities, HumanTeratogenic agentsIn 1974, Elizabeth Dexter Hay and Stephen Meier in the US conducted an experiment that demonstrated that the extracellular matrix, the mesh-like…
Extracellular matrixCollagenCorneaEpitheliumEmbryosA germ layer is a group of cells in an embryo that interact with each other as the embryo develops and contribute to the formation of all organs and…
GastrulationEmbryologyCell differentiationEmbryosCellsEtienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, commonly known as Geoffroy, studied animals, their anatomy and their embryos, and teratogens at the National Museum…
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Etienne, 1772-1844TeratologyZoologyFrench RevolutionHomology theoryThe Y-chromosome is one of a pair of chromosomes that determine the genetic sex of individuals in mammals, some insects, and some plants. In the…
Y ChromosomeSex ChromosomesEmbryosDNAChromosomesNational Geographic's documentary In the Womb: Identical Twins focuses on the prenatal development of human identical twins. Director Lorne Townend…
LiteratureTwinsDocumentary filmsTestosteroneMethylationWhen cells-but not DNA-from two or more genetically distinct individuals combine to form a new individual, the result is called a chimera. Though…
ContextChimerismEmbryosEmbryonic Stem CellsMosaicism