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Karl Oskar Illmensee studied the cloning and reproduction of fruit flies, mice, and humans in the US and Europe during the twentieth and twenty-first…
CloningMolecular CloningClone CellsTwinsEmbryosCharles Robert Cantor helped sequence the human genome, and he developed methods to non-invasively determine the genes in human fetuses. Cantor…
Human Genome ProjectDNAfetal developmentFetusEmbryosThe Y-chromosome is one of a pair of chromosomes that determine the genetic sex of individuals in mammals, some insects, and some plants. In the…
Y ChromosomeSex ChromosomesEmbryosDNAChromosomesIn the case Whitner v. South Carolina in 1997, the South Carolina State Supreme Court defined the concept of a child to include viable fetuses. This…
LawEmbryosReproductive RightsPregnancyAbortionVitamin A (retinol) is an essential vitamin in the daily functioning of human beings that helps regulate cellular differentiation of epithelial…
RetinoidsVitamin A in the bodyTeratogenicity testingAbnormalities, HumanTeratogenic agentsIn Maureen Kass v. Steven Kass (1998), the Court of Appeals of New York in Albany, New York, ruled that the state should generally consider IVF…
LawFrozen human embryosFertilization in VitroInformed consent (Medical law)Surrogate mothersIn A.Z. v. B.Z. (2000), the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts in Boston, Massachusetts, affirmed a lower courtÕs decision, ruling that…
LawFrozen human embryosFertilization in VitroPregnancyEmbryosCocaine use by pregnant women has a variety of effects on the embryo and fetus, ranging from various gastro-intestinal and cardiac defects to tissue…
CocaineCocaine abusePregnancyEmbryosFetusIn Davis v. Davis (1992), the Supreme Court of Tennessee decided a dispute over cryopreserved preembryos in favor of Junior Lewis Davis, who sought…
LawFrozen human embryosFertilization in VitroAmerican Fertility SocietyConceptionIn the case York v. Jones (1989), the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia was one of the first US courts to address a…
LawFrozen human embryosFertilization in VitroConceptionAbortion