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Ectoderm
By: Kate MacCord
| Published: Dec 02, 2013
Ectoderm is one of three germ layers--groups of cells that coalesce early during the embryonic life of all animals except maybe sponges, and from…
EmbryosEmbryologyGastrulationCellsTissues
Mary Frances Lyon (1925–2014)
By: Devangana Shah
| Published: Jul 04, 2025
Mary Frances Lyon studied gene expression and developed the theory of X-chromosome inactivation, also called Lyonization, during the twentieth…
Gene ExpressionX Chromosome InactivationLyon HypothesisLyonizationMutation
Robert Lawson Tait (1845–1899)
By: Cole Nichols
| Published: Aug 27, 2024
Robert Lawson Tait was a physician who practiced abdominal surgery in the United Kingdom during the late nineteenth century. Physicians and…
AntisepsisAsepsisHysterectomyVivisectionPregnancy, Ectopic
“HeLa Cells 50 Years On: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly” (2002), by John R. Masters
By: Rohini Nott
| Published: May 02, 2021
Published in 2002, prostate cancer researcher John R. Masters authored a review article HeLa Cells 50 Years On: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly that…
LiteratureCell linesContinuous cell linesGerm CellsSurface contamination
“Spiritual Midwifery” (2003), by Ina May Gaskin
By: Megan O’Reilly
| Published: Feb 14, 2021
In 1976, midwife Ina May Gaskin published Spiritual Midwifery, with other editions published in 1980, 1990, and 2003. Spiritual Midwifery is a book…
LiteratureMidwifery in literatureMidwiferyMidwivesMidwife
Reduction of Maternal-Infant Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus with Zidovudine Treatment
By: Chase V. Florez
| Published: Nov 30, 2019
In 1994, Edward M. Connor and colleagues published “Reduction of Maternal-Infant Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 with Zidovudine…
LiteratureHIV-positive personsHIV infectionsHIV-positive womenHIV-positive children
Marshall Henry Klaus (1927–2017)
By: Alexis Darby
| Published: Jul 17, 2018
Marshall Henry Klaus was a scientist and pediatrician who studied maternal-infant bonding in the twentieth century in the United States. Maternal-…
Mother and infantMother-Infant InteractionDoulasLaborObstetrics
Diethylstilbestrol (DES) in the US
By: Alexis Abboud
| Published: Mar 23, 2015
Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is an artificially created hormone first synthesized in the late 1930s. Doctors widely prescribed DES first to pregnant…
DiethylstilbestrolDiethylstilbestrol--Side effectsDiethylstilbestrol--CarcinogenicityPregnancyEstrogen
"Hybrids and Chimeras: A Consultation on the Ethical and Social Implications of Creating Human/Animal Embryos in Research" (2007), by the HFEA
By: Sarah Taddeo, Jason S. Robert
| Published: Nov 04, 2014
To educate its citizens about research into chimeras made from human and non-human animal cells, the United Kingdom's Human Fertilisation Embryology…
LiteratureChimerismHuman reproductive technologyHuman CloningFertilization in vitro, Human
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
By: Erica O'Neil
| Published: Jan 28, 2014
The concept Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) refers to a set of birth defects that occur in children born to mothers who abused alcohol during pregnancy…
fetal alcohol syndromeAbnormalities, HumanCentral Nervous SystemalcoholPregnancy