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In 1962 researcher John Bertrand Gurdon at the University of Oxford in Oxford, England, conducted a series of experiments on the developmental…
Cell nuclei--TransplantationGenetic EngineeringNuclear TransplantationUniversity College (University of Oxford)Xenopus laevisHans Adolf Eduard Driesch was a late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century philosopher and developmental biologist. In the spring of 1891 Driesch…
ExperimentsPublicationsSea UrchinsOnce perceived as an unimportant occurrence in living organisms, cell degeneration was reconfigured as an important biological phenomenon in…
Cell DeathCells--AgingCaenorhabditis elegansAging, CellCellular AgingRichard A. Lockshin's 1963 PhD dissertation on cell death in insect metamorphosis was conducted under the supervision of Harvard insect physiologist…
LiteratureExperimentsPublicationsSilkwormsHormonesIn 1969, Roy J. Britten and Eric H. Davidson published Gene Regulation for Higher Cells: A Theory, in Science. A Theory proposes a minimal model…
LiteratureGenetic regulationCell differentiationEvolutionGenes
From a developing embryos three primary germ layers, ectoderm (green), mesoderm (pink) and endoderm (yellow), a variety of differentiated cell type
MesodermGastrulationBlastulaGerm LayersEctodermFrom 1958 to 1961, Leonard Hayflick and Paul Moorhead in the US developed a way in the laboratory to cultivate strains of human cells with complete…
MMR VaccineRubellaRubella--VaccinationFetal tissuesOncogenic VirusesPublished in 2002, prostate cancer researcher John R. Masters authored a review article HeLa Cells 50 Years On: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly that…
LiteratureCell linesContinuous cell linesGerm CellsSurface contamination
This diagram shows how NCCs migrate differently in rats, birds and amphibians.
Neural CrestEmbryosVertebratesGerm LayersEctodermIn 1972, Peter Mazur, Stanley Leibo, and Ernest Chu published, “A Two-Factor Hypothesis of Freezing Injury: Evidence from Chinese Hamster Tissue-…
LiteratureCryonicsCryosurgeryMedicine--History--20th centuryOsmosis