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Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772-1844)
By: Valerie Racine
| Published: Aug 05, 2013
Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, commonly known as Geoffroy, studied animals, their anatomy and their embryos, and teratogens at the National Museum…
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Etienne, 1772-1844TeratologyZoologyFrench RevolutionHomology theory
The Human Genome Diversity Project (1991–2002)
By: Matthew Tontonoz
| Published: Aug 10, 2025
The Human Genome Diversity Project, or HGDP, was an effort led by US-based scientists to collect DNA from members of Indigenous communities living…
GenomeHuman Genome Diversity ProjectHuman Genome ProjectNational Center for Human Genome Research (U.S.)Indigenous People
1,000 Genomes Project (2008–2015)
By: Matthew Tontonoz
| Published: Aug 10, 2025
The 1,000 Genomes Project, which began in 2008, was an international effort to create a detailed and publicly accessible catalog of human genetic…
Human genomeHuman Genome ProjectGenome-Wide Association StudyWhole Genome SequencingNational Human Genome Research Institute (U.S.)
The Carapacial Ridge of Turtles
By: Guido Caniglia
| Published: Jan 01, 2012
Two main elements characterize the skeletal morphology of turtles: the carapace and the plastron. For a turtle, the carapacial ridge begins in the…
TurtlesMorphology (Animals)EmbryosGerm CellsEmbryology
Richard Woltereck (1877-1944)
By: B. R. Erick Peirson
| Published: May 13, 2012
Richard Woltereck was a German zoologist and hydrobiologist who studied aquatic animals and extended the concept of Reaktionsnorm (norm of reaction)…
PeopleEvolutionHeredityEmbryologyAquatic animals
Edwin Stephen Goodrich (1868-1946)
By: Joe Brinkman
| Published: Dec 30, 2014
Edwin Stephen Goodrich studied the structures of animals in England during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Goodrich studied how animals…
ZoologyHomology (Biology)InvertebratesEvolution
"Evolution and
Tinkering" (1977), by Francois Jacob
By: Valerie Racine
| Published: Oct 24, 2014
In his essay Evolution and Tinkering, published in Science in 1977, Francois Jacob argued that a common analogy between the process of evolution by…
LiteratureInstitut Pasteur (Paris, France)OperonsGenetic regulationNobel Prizes
Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895)
By: Samantha Hauserman
| Published: Nov 26, 2013
In nineteenth century Great Britain, Thomas Henry Huxley proposed connections between the development of organisms and their evolutionary histories,…
PeopleDarwin, Charles, 1809-1882EvolutionpaleontologyEmbryology
"The Development of the Turtle Carapace" (1989), by Ann Campbell Burke
By: Guido Caniglia
| Published: Oct 20, 2011
Ann Campbell Burke examines the development and evolution of vertebrates, in particular, turtles. Her Harvard University experiments, described in…
LiteratureExperimentsPublicationsTurtlesEvolution
"The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme" (1979), by Stephen J. Gould and Richard C. Lewontin
By: M. Elizabeth Barnes
| Published: Nov 14, 2014
The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme, hereafter called The Spandrels, is an article…
LiteratureGould, Stephen JayEvolutionAdaptationBaer, Karl Ernst von, 1792-1876