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Shoukhrat Mitalipov, Masahito Tachibana, and their team of researchers replaced the mitochondrial genes of primate embryonic stem cells via spindle…
monkeysrhesus macaqueSendai virusEmbryonic Stem CellsMitochondrial DiseasesDizhou Tong, also called Ti Chou Tung, studied marine animals and helped introduce and organize experimental embryology in China during the twentieth…
Marine BiologyCell nuclei--TransplantationEmbryology, ExperimentalDevelopmental BiologyEmbryosIn the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, Gail Roberta Martin specialized in biochemistry and embryology, more specifically cellular…
EmbryosEmbryos--PhysiologyEmbryos--AnatomyBlastocystRetrovirus InfectionsBernard Rimland studied autism in children in the United States in the second half of the twentieth century. His early research in the 1950s and into…
AutismAutism spectrum disordersAutism in childrenThe Dalkon Shield was an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) that women used in the early 1970s and 1980s. Produced by the A.H. Robins Company in…
TechnologyDalkon Shield (Intrauterine contraceptive)Intrauterine contraceptivesCopper intrauterine contraceptivesContraceptivesEndoderm is one of the germ layers-- aggregates of cells that organize early during embryonic life and from which all organs and tissues develop.…
GastrulationEmbryosEmbryologyCellsTissuesGeorge McDonald Church studied DNA from living and from extinct species in the US during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Church helped to…
DNA SequenceNucleotide sequenceGenesGenomesGeneticsMultiple theories about what determines sex were tested at the turn of the twentieth century. By experimenting on germ cells, cytologist Nettie Maria…
PeopleHeredityReproductionBiographyIn 2012, Jennifer Doudna, Emmanuelle Charpentier from the University of California, Berkeley, in Berkeley, California, and Umeå University in Umeå,…
gene editingStreptococcus pyogenesTranscription Activator-Like Effector NucleasesscFV green fluorescent protein, recombinantClustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic RepeatsStanley Alan Plotkin developed vaccines in the United States during the mid to late twentieth century. Plotkin began his research career at the…
VaccinesViral vaccinesRubellaRubella--VaccinationRubella virus