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During the late 1800s through the early 1900s, physicians administered pelvic massages involving clitoral stimulation by early electronic vibrators…
Vibrators (Massage)VibratorsHysteriaHysteria--Early works to 1900OrgasmEstrogen plays a key role in the regulation of gene transcription. This is accomplished by its ability to act as a ligand and to bind to specific…
DiethylstilbestrolEstrogenHuman DevelopmentRobert Guthrie developed a method to test infants for phenylketonuria (PKU) in the United States during the twentieth century. PKU is an inherited…
PhenylketonuriaMental RetardationMaple Syrup Urine DiseaseGalactosemiaMicrobiologyThalidomide is a sedative drug introduced to European markets on 1 October 1957 after extensive testing on rodent embryos to ensure its safety. Early…
ContextTeratogenicity testingAbnormalities, HumanThalidomide--Side effectsThalidomideAudrey Heimler and colleagues founded the National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC) in 1979 in New Hyde Park in New York, New York. Her stated…
OrganizationGenetic counselorsGenetic CounselingFragile X SyndromeOrganizationsThe article Experimental Studies on Congenital Malformations was published in the Journal of Chronic Diseases in 1959. The author, James G. Wilson,…
LiteratureAbnormalities, HumanBirth DefectsTeratologymalformationsStephen Jay Gould studied snail fossils and worked at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts during the latter half of the twentieth century…
Punctuated equilibrium (Evolution)Spandrel beamsOntogenyPhylogenyFossilsIn 1993, the NIH published the Revitalization Act that established guidelines for minorities’ and women’s participation in clinical research. Before…
LawLegislation, DrugClinical medicine--ResearchMedical research personnelNational Institutes of HealthIn December of 2016, Margus Punab and colleagues published “Causes of Male Infertility: A 9-year Prospective Monocentre Study on 1737 Patients with…
Sperm CountSperm NumberSperm TailSpermSperm Motility“Consensus on the Current Management of Endometriosis”, henceforth “Consensus”, was written by the World Endometriosis Society, or WES, president…
LiteratureInfertility, FemaleGynecologist and patientEndometriosisSelf-help groups