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Robert Geoffrey Edwards, a British developmental biologist at University of Cambridge, began exploring human in vitro fertilization (IVF) as a way to…
Fertilization in VitroExperimentsReproductionFertilizationOocytesWhen cells-but not DNA-from two or more genetically distinct individuals combine to form a new individual, the result is called a chimera. Though…
ContextChimerismEmbryosEmbryonic Stem CellsMosaicismSheldon Clark Reed helped establish the profession of genetic counseling in the US during the twentieth century. In 1947 Reed coined the term genetic…
Genetic CounselingCystic FibrosisDrosophilaGeneticsHmong AmericansMichael R. Harrison worked as a pediatric surgeon in the US throughout the late-twentieth century and performed many fetal surgeries, including one…
Birth DefectsAbnormalities, HumanPediatric surgeonsMyelomeningoceleSpinal DysraphismIn 1983, researchers Alan Trounson and Linda Mohr published the article “Human Pregnancy Following Cryopreservation, Thawing and Transfer of an Eight…
CryopreservationFertilization in VitroInfertilityFertility PreservationCryoprotective AgentCarl Richard Moore was a professor and researcher at the University of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois who studied sex hormones in animals from 1916…
Moore, Carl R. (Carl Richard), 1892-1955Intersexuality in animalsIntersex peopleHormones, SexSex DifferentiationIn the 1983 case City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health the US Supreme Court ruled that certain requirements of the city of Akron’s “…
LawAbortion--Law and legislation--United StatesAbortionBirth control clinicsContraceptionEdward Charles Dodds researched the function and effects of natural and artificial hormones on the endocrine system in England during the twentieth…
Dodds, E. C. (Edward Charles), 1899-EndocrinologyEstrogenDiethylstilbestrolDiethylstilbestrol--CarcinogenicityChristine Jorgensen was a transgender woman and activist in the United States who lived during the twentieth century. She was one of the first US…
Transgender PersonsTransexualsTranssexualismGender IdentityGenderEndoderm is one of the germ layers-- aggregates of cells that organize early during embryonic life and from which all organs and tissues develop.…
GastrulationEmbryosEmbryologyCellsTissues