Conrad Hal Waddington’s

The Spemann-Mangold organizer, also known as the Spemann organizer, is a cluster of cells in the developing embryo of an amphibian that induces development of the central nervous system.

Hilde Mangold, previously Hilde Proescholdt, was a German embryologist and physiologist who became well known for research completed with Hans Spemann in the 1920s.

Hans Spemann was an experimental embryologist best known for his transplantation studies and as the originator of the “organizer” concept. One of his earliest experiments involved constricting the blastomeres of a fertilized

In “Versuche zur Analyse der Induktionsmittel in der Embryonalentwicklung,” published in Naturwissenschaften in 1932, Hermann Bautzmann,

Otto Mangold was an early-twentieth-century embryologist who specialized in the development of amphibian embryos. A major emphasis of his research was refining the concept of the organizer, now referred to as

Johannes Holtfreter made important discoveries about the properties of the organizer discovered by

Conrad Hal Waddington was an embryologist and theoretical biologist. His early experimental work investigated aspects of embryonic induction and the properties of the