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Allan C. Wilson studied genes, proteins, and body structures of animals and humans in the US during the second half of the twentieth century. Wilson…
Human EvolutionEvolutionChimpanzeesMitochondriaElectrophoresisIn 1962 the journal Acta Biotheoretica published the final work of the biologist Edward Stuart Russell, a full eight years after his death. Entitled…
LiteratureRussell, E. S. (Edward Stuart), 1887-1954Biological EvolutionPublicationsEvolutionTo study human evolution, researchers sometimes use microstructures found in human teeth and their knowledge of the processes by which those…
EvolutionteethDental EnamelFossilsHuman EvolutionRichard Woltereck was a German zoologist and hydrobiologist who studied aquatic animals and extended the concept of Reaktionsnorm (norm of reaction)…
PeopleEvolutionHeredityEmbryologyAquatic animalsIn 1987 Rebecca Louise Cann, Mark Stoneking, and Allan Charles Wilson published Mitochondrial DNA and Human Evolution in the journal Nature. The…
LiteratureMitochondriaHuman EvolutionEvolutionHomo sapiensPaul M. Brakefield and his research team in Leiden, the Netherlands, examined the development, plasticity, and evolution of butterfly eyespot…
ButterfliesDevelopmental BiologyPhenotypic plasticityGenotype-environment interactionEvolutionary developmental biologyLynn Petra Alexander Sagan Margulis was an American biologist, whose work in the mid-twentieth century focused on cells living together in a mutually…
Eukaryotic cellsMitosissymbiosisMitochondriaMicroorganisms--EvolutionTwo main elements characterize the skeletal morphology of turtles: the carapace and the plastron. For a turtle, the carapacial ridge begins in the…
TurtlesMorphology (Animals)EmbryosGerm CellsEmbryologyIn 2011, fetal researcher Vivette Glover published “Annual Research Review: Prenatal Stress and the Origins of Psychopathology: An Evolutionary…
LiteratureStress in adolescenceStress in youthPsychological StressPregnancyThe Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics is a book published in 1924, written by Paul Kammerer, who studied developmental biology in Vienna,…
LiteratureInheritance of acquired charactersEvolution (Biology)adaptationsLaboratory animals--Breeding--Experiments