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In humans, sex determination is the process that determines the biological sex of an offspring and, as a result, the sexual characteristics that they…
Sex DeterminationGenetic sex determinationIntersex peopleDiscrimination against intersex peopleStevens, N. M. (Nettie Maria), 1861-1912George McDonald Church studied DNA from living and from extinct species in the US during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Church helped to…
DNA SequenceNucleotide sequenceGenesGenomesGeneticsMichael R. Harrison worked as a pediatric surgeon in the US throughout the late-twentieth century and performed many fetal surgeries, including one…
Birth DefectsAbnormalities, HumanPediatric surgeonsMyelomeningoceleSpinal DysraphismIn 2018, He Jiankui uploaded a series of videos to a YouTube channel titled “The He Lab” that detailed one of the first instances of a successful…
Literaturegene editingGenome EditingCRISPR (Genetics)CRISPR-associated protein 9Stanley Paul Leibo studied the cryopreservation of embryos in the US in the twentieth century. Cryopreservation is a method of preserving biological…
Low temperature engineeringCryonicsScience and civilizationEmbryo transplantationCryotherapyIn 1972, David Whittingham, Stanley Leibo, and Peter Mazur published the paper, “Survival of Mouse Embryos Frozen to -196 ° and -269 °C,” hereafter…
LiteratureCultures (Biology)--CryopreservationCells--CryopreservationMolecular weightsCryobiologyMultiplex Automated Genome Engineering, or MAGE, is a genome editing technique that enables scientists to quickly edit an organism’s DNA to produce…
TechnologyGenetic EngineeringGenetic engineering industryGenetic epidemiologyGene librariesIn 2015, Revive…
conservationAnimal diversity conservationWildlife conservationgene editingbioethicsIn the United States, most people are assigned both a biological sex and gender at birth based on their chromosomes and reproductive organs.…
GenderGender-nonconforming peopleGender transitionGender expressionGender NonconformityJohn Langdon Down studied medicine in England in the nineteenth century and was one of the first people to develop a complete description of the…
Down syndromeDevelopmental DisabilitiesPartial Trisomy 21 Down SyndromeTrisomyPartial Trisomy