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Hermann Joseph Muller conducted three experiments in 1926 and 1927 that demonstrated that exposure to x-rays, a form of high-energy radiation, can…
X-raysRadiationGeneticsMutationDrosophilaBarbara McClintock conducted experiments on corn (Zea mays) in the United States in the mid-twentieth century to study the structure and function of…
TransposonsCornCytogeneticsChromosomesGeneticsY-chromosomes exist in the body cells of many kinds of male animals.
Y ChromosomeX chromosomeSex ChromosomesChromosomesSex ChromatinBetween 1934 and 1945, George Beadle developed a hypothesis that each gene within the chromosomes of organisms each produced one enzyme.
CellsGeneticsEnzymesGenesAmino AcidsThis illustration shows George Beadle and Edward Tatum's experiments with Neurospora crassa that indicated that single genes produce singl
Neurospora crassaMicrobiologyX-raysGeneticsEnzymesIn 1935, George Beadle and Boris Ephrussi developed a technique to transplant optic discs between fruit fly larvae.
Fruit-fliesImaginal DisksGeneticsdevelopmentMetamorphosis, BiologicalIn the 1930s, George Beadle and Boris Ephrussi discovered factors that affect eye colors in developing fruit flies.
Fruit-fliesImaginal DisksGeneticsdevelopmentMetamorphosis, BiologicalThe hedgehog signaling pathway is a mechanism that regulates cell growth and differentiation during embryonic development, called embryogenesis, in…
Drosophila melanogasterCyclopiaGenetic regulationZebra danioGenesKurt Benirschke studied cells, placentas, and endangered species in Germany and the US during the twentieth century. Benirschke was professor at the…
Developmental BiologyGeneticsEndangered SpeciesGene librariesEmbryologyGeorge McDonald Church studied DNA from living and from extinct species in the US during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Church helped to…
DNA SequenceNucleotide sequenceGenesGenomesGenetics